Microbiology Exam 2 Flashcards
Tetanus
Etiology: enters body through cut or wound, obligate anaerobe, bacillus, motile
Reservoir: SOIL
Transmission: deep wounds
Signs and Symptoms: high blood pressure, stiff muscles
Treatment and Prevention: shot of tetanus immune gloubulin
Pertussis
Etiology: Bordetella pertussis, gram -, cocobacillus, non-motile, has capsule
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: person to person, droplets
Signs and Symptoms: rapid coughing, vomiting, exhaustion, weight loss/malnutrition
Treatment and Prevention: antibiotics, vaccines, proper hygiene
DTaP vaccine
Chickenpox-Shingles
Etiology: chicken pox/shingles VIRUS, enveloped double stranded DNA, varacella-roster
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: direct contact, airborne particles, fomites, chicken-pox parties
Signs and Symptoms: fever, rash, lesions, headache, chills, pain, tiredness
Treatment and Prevention: vaccine, acyclovir treatment- helps lessen severity
Gonorrhea
Etiology: physicians required to report, neisseria gonorrehoeae, aerobic, gram-negative, diplococci
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: sexually transmitted
Signs and Symptoms: bleeding, strange discharge, discomfort urinating, but many are not aware that they are infected because they have no symptoms
Treatment and Prevention: antibiotics and abstinence
Meningococcal Meningitis
Etiology: Neisseria meningitidis, gram -, diplococci, non-motile, capsule
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: person to person (coughing, kissing), rare droplets
Signs and Symptoms: sudden fever, vomiting, rash, brain swelling, seizures, sweating, stiff neck, light sensitivity, headache, confusion, low/no appetite
Treatment and Prevention: antibiotics, vaccine
Mononucleosis
Etiology: Epstein Barr virus or human herpes virus, enveloped double stranded DNA, really good at becoming latent, go into latency in nerves,
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: direct contact with saliva,
Signs and Symptoms: takes 4-7 weeks to show symptoms, swollen lymph nodes in armpits and neck, rash fever, swollen liver, extreme fatigue, head and body ache, sore throat
Treatment and Prevention: no vaccine, only ways to soothe the symptoms
Measles
Etiology: measles virus, enveloped, single stranded RNA-cytoplasm
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: droplets, contaminated surfaces
Signs and Symptoms: high fever, runny nose, spots in mouth, body rash
Treatment and Prevention: pain treatment and vaccines MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella)
Polio
Etiology: Poliomyelitis. poliovirus, single stranded RNA, has capsid protein coat, mainly affects children
Reservoir: humans, fecal
Transmission: person to person contact, less common droplets
Signs and Symptoms: high fevers, flue like symptoms, small portion of those infected experience intense muscle pain, meningitis, pins and needles, and paralysis
Treatment and Prevention: public sanitation and vaccines
Tuberculosis
Etiology: mycobacterium tuberculosis, non-motile, ACID-FAST, waxy lipid coating, obligate aerobe, “consumption”
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: people cough and the particles fly everywhere and people breathe them in.
Signs and Symptoms: bad cough, pain in chest, coughing up blood, weight loss
Treatment and Prevention: antibiotics for a long time because m. tuberculosis is a slow growing bacteria. Sometimes take 2-3 antibiotics at a time because tuberculosis is one of the most resistant. Vaccine BCG is a preventative.
Influenza
Etiology: influenza virus
Reservoir: Humans influenza B, pigs, ducks, wild birds influenza A
Transmission: droplets, less common person to person
Signs and Symptoms: flu like symptoms, 1-4 day incubation
Treatment and Prevention: vaccination, personal and public hygiene, herd immunity, antiviral drug
Symptom
what the patient feels, i.e. yucky
Factors that affect bacterial growth
temperature, oxygen, pH or acidity, moisture or water, food
Obligate aerobe
has to have oxygen
Obligate anaerobes
cannot have oxygen (intestines)
Facultative anaerobes
can grow in both oxygen and no oxygen but prefers oxygen
Aerotolerant
tolerate oxygen but doesn’t use it
acidic
more hydrogen
basic
less hydrogen
Acidophile
bacteria that like acidic environments (yogurt bacteria)
Neutrophiles
bacterial the like range 7 environments
Alkalphile
bacteria that like basic environments
Isotonic
balanced solutes inside and outside cell membrane
Hypotonic
more solutes IN cell than outside. Water tries to get in but cell wall prohibits
Hypertonic
more solutes outside of cell, water is sucked out of cell. Honey
What does growth mean?
more cells
Binary fission
Membrane starts to pinch, cell wall starts to close off, SEPTEM pinches in middle
How do bacterial reproduce?
Binary fission, allows for exponential growth.
Doubling/generation time
the time it takes for one batch of cells to Double
What are the two media types and give examples
-Selective: MSA and MacConkey
Differential: MSA MacConkey
Selective media type
Only certain TYPES of bacteria can grow on it, i.e. gram positive or negative, “selects for”
Differentail
Bacteria that ferment something i.e. will this bacteria ferment lactose or mannitol?
Closed culture bacteria curve
Lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, death phase
Lag phase
beginning phase, takes time for bacteria to adjust
Exponential phase
exponentially grow using binary fission
Stationary phase
cells become limited, wastes buildup, nutrients are used up
Death phase
endospores, bacteria death is more than growth
Biofilm
bacteria uses capsules of sticky polysaccharides to stick together and form a film. Biofilms are detrimental to dental care but perhaps beneficial for gut health if bacterial are harmless to humans
What are the four types of counting microbial growth?
Microscope count, Dilution plate, Turbidity, Coulter counter
Microscope count
count number within one grid
Microscope count
count number within one grid, direct
Dilution plate
Counts only living cells, put inoculation loop through five batches of agar, diluting each as they go. You want between 30-300 to be considered statistically significant, direct.
Turbidity
transmission through media, spectrophotometer, indirect
Coulter counter
uses light to count cells that go through tiny tubes, counts the shadows, direct.
Which provides a more accurate count of microbes growing in a culture, “direct” or “indirect?
Direct because you count each individual one and sometimes just the living cells. (most accurate)