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Fall 2023 > Microbiology (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Microbiology (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Essential Nutrient

A

Any substance that must be provided to an organism

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2
Q

Macronutrinets

A

Nutrients that are required in large quantities and play a major role in structure & Metabolism

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3
Q

Micronutrients

A

Nutrients present in smaller amounts that are required for enzyme function and protein structure

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4
Q

Inorganic Nutrients

A

Nutrients that do not contain a combination of carbon and hydrogen.

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5
Q

Organic nutrients

A

Nutrients that contain hydrogen and carbon

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6
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism that must obtain all of it’s carbon in an organic form

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7
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that uses inorganic CO2 as carbon source.

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8
Q

Phototroph

A

Microbes that photosynthesize

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9
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

Organism that derives its energy and carbon from organic molecule

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10
Q

Chemoorganic autotrophs

A

Microbes that use organic compounds for energy and inorganic –compounds– as a –carbon source–.

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11
Q

Lithoautotrophs

A

Microbes that totally rely on inorganic minerals and require neither sunlight or organic nutrients.

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12
Q

Saprobes

A

Free living organisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organism

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13
Q

Parasites

A

Derive nutrients from cells or tissue of living host.

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14
Q

Types of parasites

A

ectoparasites- live on the body
endoparasites- live in organs and tissues
intracellular parasites- live within cells
Obligate parasites- unable to grow without host

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15
Q

Diffusion

A

The phenomenon of molecular movement in which atoms or molecules move in a gradient from an area of high density to area of low density.

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane.

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17
Q

Passive DIffusion (Simple and Facilitated)

A
  1. Movement based on concentration gradient
  2. Can use channels or proteins to aid in the movemement.
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18
Q

Active Diffusion

A
  1. Driven by ATP or proton motive force
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19
Q

Endocytosis

A

The cell encloses substance into membrane then engulfs substances

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20
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Accomplished by amoebas and white blood cell ingestion of WHOLE CELLS or LARGE SOLID MATTER.

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21
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Ingestions of liquids such as oils or molecules

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22
Q

Cardinal Temperatures

A

The range of temperatures for the growth of a given microbial species.

Minimum Temperature: The lowest temperature that permits microbes growth and metabolism

Maximum Temperature: The highest temperature at which growth and metabolism can occur.

Optimum Temperature: an intermediate that promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism.

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23
Q

Superoxide dismutase

A

Enzyme that converts a superoxide ion into hydrogen peroxide. Which can then be converted into water.

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24
Q

Aerobes

A

Microbes that use gaseous oxygen in metabolsim.

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25
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Harmed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen, but need a small amount in metabolsim.

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26
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Do not require O2 for metabolism, but they can use it when it is present.

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27
Q

Anaerobes

A

Lack the metabolic enzyme system that use oxygen in respiration

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28
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Don’t use oxygen, but can survive and grow to limited extent in its presence.

29
Q

Capnophiles

A

Organisms that grow best at higher CO2

30
Q

Acidophile

A

organisms that thrive in acidic enviornment

31
Q

Alkalinophiles

A

Organisms that thrive in alkaline conditions

32
Q

Osmophiles

A

Organisms live in habitat with high solute concentration ex. Halophiles who prefer high concentrations of salt

33
Q

Symbiosis

A

General term used to denote a situation in which two organisms live together in a close partnership

34
Q

Mututalism

A

Organisms live in mutually beneficial relationship

35
Q

Commensalism

A

One symbiont gets benefits and the other is not harmed or benefited.

36
Q

Parasitism

A

A relationship in which the host provides microbes with nutrients and habitat, and the host suffers.

37
Q

Antagonism

A

The association between free-living species that arises when members of community compete.

38
Q

Synergism

A

A interrelational between two organism that benefits them, but it is not required for survival.

39
Q

Generation/Doubling Time

A

The time required for a cell to complete fission cycle from parent cell to two daughter cells

40
Q

Generation

A

increases the population by a factor of two.

41
Q

Growth curve

A

a predictable pattern of a bacterial population growth in a closed system can be measured by

41
Q

Equation for population size N_t=(N)2^n

A

N_t is the total number of cells in the population. N is the starting number of cells. 2^n is the number of cells in the generation. exponent n denotes the generation number.

42
Q

Phases of a normal growth curve.

A

Lag phase: the flat period of growth
Exponential phase: the period of growth where cells growth occurs rapidly
Stationary Phase: the cell birth and death rate get equal
death phase: cells begin to die at an exponential rate

43
Q

Methods used to count cells

A

Coulter counter: electronically scans fluid as it passes through a pipette
Flow cytometry: similar to flow cytometry, but can measure cell size and differentiate between live and dead cells

44
Q

Metabolsim

A

Pertains to all chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell

45
Q

Anabolism

A

Process that results in synthesis of cell molecules and structures

46
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down of larger molecules into smaller one

47
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction and do not get consumed by reaction

48
Q

Holoenzyme

A

A combination of protein and one or more cofactor

49
Q

Apoenzyme

A

Protein portion of the holoenzyme

50
Q

Cofactors

A

either organic molecules called coenzymes or inorganic elements

51
Q

Coenzymes

A

type of cofactor that is organic works in conjunction with apoenzyme

52
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

The inhibitor inhibits enzymes activity by binding to the active site.

53
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition

A

Enzymes have two binding sites: the active site and regulatory site. The inhibitor binds to the regulatory site and causes a conformational change.

54
Q

Three types of metabolic pathways

A
  1. Linear 2. Cyclic 3. Branched (Divergent or Convergent)
55
Q

Endergonic vs. Exergonic reaction

A

Endergonic: energy is required to start the reaction
Exergonic: energy is released from the reaction

56
Q

Oxidation & Reduction Reactions

A

Oxidation is the loss of electrons and Reduction is the gain of electrons

57
Q

Oxidoreductases

A

Enzymes that remove electrons from one substrate and add them to another

58
Q

Aerobic Vs Anaerobic Respiration

A

Aerobic respiration uses reactions that convert glucose to CO2

Anaerobic respiration uses NO3-, SO2-, and CO3- as electron acceptors

59
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose -> 2 pyruvate

60
Q

Overall yield of glucose

A

total: 4 ATP, 2 NADH2, Yield: 2 ATPs and 2 NADHs

61
Q

Kreb’s Cycle

A

Acetyl Coa -> NAD+ & FADH2

62
Q

Net yield of Kreb’s Cycle

A

1 ATP, 3 NADHs, 1 FADH, and 2 CO2… Total Yield: 2 ATP, 6 NADHs, and 2 FADHs

63
Q

Main components of ETC

A
  1. NADH Dehydrogenase
  2. Flavoproteins
  3. Coenzyme Q
  4. Cytochromes
63
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Uses reduced electron carriers to transport H+ ions outside of membrane which generates electrons that are accepted by oxygen. 3 ATP/NADH and 2 ATP/ FADH

64
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

The coupling of ATP synthesis and ETC

65
Q

Amphibolism

A

The ability of a system to integrate and catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency

66
Q
A

Fall 2023 (4 decks)

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