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Fall 2023 > Microbiology (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Microbiology (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Organisms that contain a true nucleus

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

Singled celled organisms without a true nucleus

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3
Q

Archaea

A

Single celled organisms, no true nucleus, distinct from bacteria

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4
Q

Prokaryotes

A

“Pre-nucleus” Bacteria & Archaea

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5
Q

Akyarotes

A

No nucleus

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6
Q

Pathogens

A

Microbes that can cause disease

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7
Q

Infectious diseases

A

Diseases that are caused by microbes that are leading cause of deaths worldwide.

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8
Q

Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotes lack both, and are 10x smaller.

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9
Q

Six types of microorganisms

A

Helminth, fungi, protozoa, bacteria, viruses, and prions

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10
Q

Biogenesis vs Abiogenesis Theory

A

The biogenesis theory states that all living organisms came to be from other living things. Abiogenesis theory states that microbes were generated spontaneously without other living things.

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11
Q

Louis Pasteur’s Swan neck experiment

A

Did experiments using two flasks and discovered that microbes can be airborne. (also invented pasteurization)

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12
Q

Antonie vn Leeuwenhoek

A

Discovered there were “animals” and “animacules” found in water

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13
Q

4 main types of monomers and their smaller components

A

Carbohydrates = Monosaccharide and Disaccharides

Lipids = fatty acids, glycerol

Proteins = amino acids

Nucleic Acids = Nucleotides

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14
Q

Cellulose

A

Component of cell wall of plants and other microscopic alage

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15
Q

Agar

A

Important component of culture media, used for growing microorganisims

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16
Q

Chitin

A

Protein found in cell walls of fungi

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17
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Protein found in bacterial cell wall

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18
Q

Lippolysaccaride

A

component of gram negative cell wall

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19
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Protein used for attachment of cells to cells or surfaces

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20
Q

The 5 I’s of microbiology

A
  1. Inoculation, 2. Incubation, 3. Isolation, 4. Inspection, 5. Identification
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21
Q

Inoculation

A

The introduction of an inoculum to a media to culture microbes.

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22
Q

Culture

A

The process of growing microorganisms

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23
Q

Medium

A

The nutrients required for the growth of microorganisms.

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24
Q

Inoculum

A

A small sample of microbes

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25
Q

Incubator

A

a temperature controlled chamber to encourage multiplication of microbes.

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26
Q

Incubation

A

The process of giving microbes time to grow usually in a controlled environment.

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27
Q

The three states of media

A

Liquid, semisolid, and solid

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28
Q

Agar

A

A major component used in media, for it being indigestible for most microorganisms. It also can be liquified and then solidified.

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29
Q

Defined/Synthetic Media

A

Media of which composition is precisely and chemically defined. Contains pure compounds that don’t vary a lot.

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30
Q

Complex Media

A

Media of which composition is not clearly defined. Could contain extracts of plants, animals, or yeasts.

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31
Q

General-purpose media

A

Media that is suitable to wide variety of microbes.

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32
Q

Enriched media

A

Media that contains complex substances like blood, serum, or special growth factors

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33
Q

Selective Media

A

Media that contains agents that inhibit the growth of specific microbes.

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34
Q

Differential Media

A

Media that allows multiple types of organisms to grow, but displays visible differences in how they grow.

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35
Q

Reducing media

A

Media that contains substance that absorbs oxygen or slows oxygen penetration

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36
Q

Transport Media

A

Media used to maintain a preserve specimen that has to be held for a period of time

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37
Q

Assay Media

A

Used in healthcare to test effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs

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38
Q

Enumeration Media

A

Used by industrial and environmental microbiologists to count number of organisms in milk, food, soil, etc.

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39
Q

Colony

A

A macroscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium usually arising from a single cell.

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40
Q

Real Image

A

Image formed by the object

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41
Q

Virtual Image

A

Image formed it is projected up through the body of microscope to the plane of eye piece

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42
Q

Resolving Power

A

The capacity of an optical system to distinguish two adjacent objects or points

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43
Q

Refractive Index

A

The degree of bending that light undergoes as it passes from one medium to another

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44
Q

Iris Diaphragm

A

Part of the microscope that controls the amount of light coming into the condenser.

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45
Q

Light-Field Microscopy

A

Uses light transmitted through the specimen to view it

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46
Q

Dark-Field Microscopy

A

Uses a dark background to view a specimen

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47
Q

Fluorescence microcopy

A

Uses fluorescent dyes affected by UV light

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48
Q

Confocal Microscopy

A

Uses a laser beam to scan specimen at various depths and a sharp image is formed on just one plane

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49
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A

Images produced by transmitting electrons through the specimen.

50
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A

Uses electrons to make a extremely detailed 3d view for objects

51
Q

Wet Mount Specimen

A

Consists of a drop or two of culture placed on a slide and overlaid with a coverslip

52
Q

Hanging Drop Specimen

A

A drop of culture placed in a depression slide with a cover slip.

53
Q

Staining

A

Procedures that applies colored dyes to specimen. Acidic (-) and Basic (+) Dyes

54
Q

Positive Stain

A

The dye sticks to specimen and gives it color

55
Q

Negative Stain

A

Dye does not stick to specimen but settles some distance from the outer boundry

56
Q

Simple Stain

A

Only require a single dye and uncomplicated procedure

57
Q

Differential Stains

A

Uses two different colored dyes: primary and counterstain

58
Q

Example of differential stains

A

Gram Stain made of crystal violet, gram’s iodine, alcohol rinse, and contrasting counterstain

59
Q

Capsular Staining

A

Used to observe the microbial capsule

60
Q

Flagellar Staining

A

Used to observe the flagella

61
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

A protein that is found in the cell walls of bacteria

62
Q

Structures found in ALL bacteria

A
  1. Cell Membrane, 2. Cytoplasm, 3. Ribosomes, 4. Cytoskeleton, 5. Chromosome(s)
63
Q

Structures found in MOST bacteria

A
  1. Cell wall, 2. Surface protein- Glycocalyx
64
Q

Structures found in SOME bacteria

A
  1. Flagella, Pilli, Fimbriae, 2. Outer membrane, 3. Nano wires, 4. Plasmids, 5. Inclusions, 6. Endospores, 7. Microcompartments
65
Q

Fimbriae

A

Fine, hairlike structure that extends from the cell surface and helps in adhesion to other cells and surface

66
Q

Pilus

A

An appendage used for drawing another bacterium closer to transfer DNA

67
Q

Bacterial Shapes: Cocci

A

Spherical Bacteria

68
Q

Bacterial Shapes: Bacillus

A

Rod-like bacteria

69
Q

Bacterial Shape: Vibrio

A

Gently curved bacteria

70
Q

Bacterial Shape: Spirillum

A

Slightly curled or spiral shaped bateria

71
Q

Bacterial Shape: Spirochete

A

Spring like bacteria

72
Q

Filaments

A

The branching of bacteria

73
Q

Sarcina

A

Cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cocci

74
Q

Prefix- Strepto…

A

Chains

75
Q

Prefix- Staphylo…

A

Irregular clusters

76
Q

Palisades

A

Cells of rod bacteria that remain partially attached by a small hinge

77
Q

Flagellum Composition and Function

A

Movement- Composed of Filament, hook, and basal body

78
Q

1 Flagellum

A

monotrichous

79
Q

Small bunches of flagellum originating from single location

A

Lophotrichous

80
Q

2 Flagellum, one at each pole

A

Amphitrichous

81
Q

Flagella are dispersed randomly at the surface cell

A

Peritrichous

82
Q

Bacterial Structure: Nanotubules

A

Thin, long, tubular extensions of cytoplasmic membrane.

Used to transfer amino acids or to harvest energy.

83
Q

Bacterial Structure: S-layer

A

Bacterial layer of thousands of copies of protein

84
Q

Bacterial Structure: Glycocalyx

A

Bacterial layer of repeating polysaccharides or glycoprotiens

85
Q

Gram Positive Bacteria

A

Bacteria that have a cell wall made from peptidoglycan

86
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

Bacteria that don’t have a cell wall made from peptidoglycan

87
Q

Gram negative bacteria benifits

A

The outer membrane contributes to an extra barrier

88
Q

The structure that contains bacterial DNA

A

Nucleoid

89
Q

Extremophility

A

THe ability of archaea to live in extreme conditions

90
Q

Eukaryotic Vs. Prokaryotic Flagella

A

E: 10x thicker, more complex, covered by extension of cell membrane, long sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced hollow microtubules

91
Q

Nucleus and Nucleolus

A

Holds Genetic info in eukaryotes

92
Q

Rough ER

A

ER + Ribosomes, used for transporting materials outside of cells & site of protein Synthesis

93
Q

Smooth ER

A

ER w/o ribosomes, nutrient storage and processing and synthesis of nonproteins– lipds

94
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Make lysosomes, site of protein modification

95
Q

Lysosomes

A

Buds of golgi with digestive enzymes

96
Q

Vacuoles

A

Membrane bound organelles used for storage

97
Q

what are the two types of forms that microscopic fungi exists in

A

Yeasts and Hyphae

98
Q

Yeasts

A

Round/Oval

99
Q

Hyphae

A

Long threadlike cells found in bodies of filamentous fungi

100
Q

Pseudohypha

A

Chain of yeast cells and bunds that remain attached in a row

101
Q

3 types of fungal diseases in humans

A
  1. Community acquired, HAI’s, and Opportunistic (low immunity)
102
Q

Sprobic

A

Fungi that obtain nutrients from the remnants of dea plants and animsl

103
Q

Mycelium

A

The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that make up the body or colony of a mold

104
Q

Protozoan ectoplasm

A

clear outer layer for locomotion, feeding, and protection

105
Q

Protozoan endoplasm

A

granular inner layer with nuclei, mitochondria, contratile vacuole, and food

106
Q

Trophozoite

A

Motile feeding stage of protozoa that requires food and moisture

107
Q

Cyst

A

Dormant phase of protozoa when conditions are unfavorable

108
Q

Viral capsid

A

protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid

109
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

the capsid + nucleic acid

110
Q

Envelope

A

external covering of a capsid

111
Q

Virion

A

A fully formed virus that is able to cause an infection

112
Q

Positive-sense RNA

A

Ready for immediate translation

113
Q

Negative-sense RNA

A

must be converted before translation

114
Q

Retroviruses

A

Virus with enzymes to make DNA out of RNA

115
Q

Tropisms

A

Specificities of a virus to select a certain tissue

116
Q

Viral replication cycle

A
  1. Absorption, Penetration and uncoating, synthesis, assembly, release
117
Q

lysogenic conversion

A

When bacteria get new traits from being infected w/ viruses

118
Q

Plaques

A

areas where virus infected cells have been destroyed

119
Q

Satellite Viruses

A

Viruses that need other virus to replicate

120
Q

Viroids

A

Virus that infect plants

Fall 2023 (4 decks)

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