Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards by Patrick Dunleavy

Why is microbiology important for veterinary curriculum?

Gain knowledge in infectious disease of animals | Diagnose-> Treat -> Prevent

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In Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning, 
A. Cognitive= doing/ hands
B. Cognitive= knowing/ head
C. Affective = knowing/ head
D. Affective = feeling/ heart
E. Psychomotor= doing/ hands
F. A, C, E
G. B, D, E

G. B, D, E

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Microbiology:
A. Study of people
B. Study of small life
C. Study of microscopes
D. Study of animals

B. Study of Small Life

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T/F: Microbes are beneficial and harmful

True: Harmful in disease and food spoilage

beneficial with probiotics and fermentation, antibiotics, vaccines, vitamins, etc..

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What is the OneHealth Model?
A. Humans, Animals, Environment
B. Humans, Gas, Oil
C. Social, Mental, Physical

A. Humans, Animals, Environment

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Who made the first compound microscope ?
A. Hooke
B. Aristotle
C. Janssen
D. Pasteur

C. Janssen

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T/F: Hooke had the first public depiction of a microorganism

True

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Van Leeuwanhoek showed protozoa and bacteria; is this true?

Yes

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Scanning Electron Microscopes run light thru internal image whereas Transmission show a 3D surface image: T/F

FALSE: It is the opposite

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All of these were contributions from Pasteur except:
A. Disproving spontaneous generation
B. Proposed Germ Theory
C. Vaccine for rabies and anthrax
D. First depiction of a microorganism
E. Pasterization

D. First depiction of a microorganism was Hooke

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These are all koch’s postulates except for one:

microorganisms must be found in all suffering not healthy
microorganisms must be isolated from diseased and grown in pure culture
Cultured microorganisms should cause disease when introduced to healthy
microorganisms must be re isolated from inoculated diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent
red bull gives you wings

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All these people were involved in spontaneous generation except:
A. Pasteur
B. Hooke
C. Aristotle
D. Redi
E. Needham &amp; Spallanzani

B. Hooke

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The study of evolutionary history of living organisms is:
A. Phylogeny/ Systematics
B. Taxonomy
C. History
D. Biology

A. Phylogeny/ Systematics

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T/F: David Bruce is associated with trypanosomes

True

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Who is the father of antiseptic surgery?

Joe Lister

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What is Jenner known for?

Smallpox

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Who is the father of modern pathology (zoonosis)?

Rudolf Virchow

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Who discovered penicillin?

Flemming

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Who discovered phagocytosis?

Metchnikoff

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All biological macromolecules are made of all of the following except:
A. Carbon
B. Hydrogen
C. Oxygen
D. Nitrogen
E. Sugar
F. Sulfar
G. Phosphorous

E. Sugar

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T/F: All living things have a plasma membrane, use ATP, genetic info in DNA

TRUE

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Population that can breed and produce fertile offspring:
A. group
B. Species
C. Crowd
D. Genotype

B. Species

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What is taxonomy?

study of classification of living objects: Linnaeus

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The modern classification of living objects is called:

Binomial Nomenclature

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What are the current 3 domain classifications? A. Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Archea B. Bacteria, Archea, Eukaryota C. Eubacteria, Eukarya, Prokarya

B. Bacteria, Archea, Eukaryota

T/F: Eukaryotes have no nuclear membrane, no membrane enclosed organelles, no carbohydrates, no sterols, no cytoskeleton, a ribosome 70s, binary fission, no meiosis

False: Those are the characteristics of prokaryotes; eukaryotes have a true nucleus, have lysosomes, golgi, ER, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, have sterols and carbohydrates, a cytoskeleton, ribosome 80s and 70s, use mitosis, involves meiosis

T/F: Archea are prokaryotic and lack peptidoglycan

True: they do not undergo binary fission, they are found in extreme environments: like halophiles and thermophiles

``` Eukaryota include: A. protozoans B. fungi C. algae D. Animals and plants E. All of the Above ```

E. All of the above

T/F: a virus is a small infectious agent that replicates inside living cells, has genetic material, a protein coat, and an envelope

True

How do you identify bacteria?

Culture analysis of morphological characteristics and differential staining, biochemical tests, serology, phage typing, fatty acid profiling, nucleic acid base testing , mass spectrometry, PCR

How do you classify parasites?

Protazoa, 1 cell, amoeba metazoan, multi cell is helminths

``` How do we learn about relationships between living objects? A. Fossil Records B. Comparative Homologies C. Comparative Sequences D. All of the above ```

D. All of the above

Molecular Biology... A. study of molecular foundation of the process of replication, transcription, translation, and cell function B. study of small living organisms C. Study of life

DNA, RNA, Protein and their biosynthesis, regulation, and interactions: Their genetic material must be able to all the following except: A. contain info necessary to make whole organism B. pass from parent to offspring and from cell to cell during cell division C. be accurately copied D. account for the known variation within and between species E. Generate new genes from dead genes

``` Who were the people to reveal DNA is the genetic material in transformation? A. Avery B. MacLeod C. McCarty D. Watson E. A, B, C ```

E. A, B, C

Who did bacterial transformation?

Griffith with the rough and smooth strains that had capsules

Who came up with the DNA structure of the Double Helix?

Watson and Crick using Paulings method, with assistance from Franklin

Chargaffs rules state that: A. A-T C-G B. A-T = C-G C. G-T = A-C

A. A to T C to G

``` Nucleic acids have what three basic components? A. Phosphate B. Sugar C. Nitrogenous Base D. All of the above ```

D. All of the above

T/F: RNA stores and transmits genetic info

False: DNA does that; RNA translates info coded in DNA for protein production

T/F: Nucleotides hace a phosphate group, hexose, and nitrogenous base

False: They have a pentose sugar not hexose

T/F: a phosphodiester bond links 2 sugars

True

``` Which is not true about DNA: A. double stranded helical B. Sugar Phosphate C. Bases on outside D. Stable by H-Bonds E. Base pairing with char gaffs rules ```

C. Bases on outside They are actually on the inside

DNAs 3 components include: A. Phosphate Group, Deoxyribose, Nitrogenous base (C, G, A, T) B. Phosphate Group, Ribose, Nitrogenous Base (C, G, A, U)

T/F: DNA has 10 bases per turn, 2 strands that are complimentary and antiparallel

True

T/F: Replication happens in minor groove

False: Major groove

The process involved in replication matches which statement? A. 2 strands of parental separate, template, new nucleotides obey chargaffs rules, end result is 2 new double helix with same base sequence as parent. B. 2 strands of parental separate, one is template, and other disassociates, nucleotides pair up randomly and eat end result is 1 new double helix

A is the correct statment

``` The ori (origin of replication)... A. Fork B. Fragments C. start point of replication D. provides rep bubble that forms E. both C and D ```

E. Both C and D

T/F: Synthesis begins with a primer, proceeds in a 5'--3' direction, leading strand made synthesis continues forward, lagging strand is made in okazaki fragments and connects later

True

T/F: DNA helices binds to DNA 5'--3' separating while moving fork forward

True

``` What does topoisomerase do? A. Digests B. Separates C. stops coiling D. keeps it open ```

C. Stops coiling single stranded binding protein keeps parts open

The portions of the Central Dogma: A. DNA (replicates)--Transcription---Translation B. DNA - Translation- Transcription- Protein C. DNA (replicates) -- Transcription-- Translation---Protein

T/F: Transcription is the process of synthesizing specific polypeptides on ribosome

FALSE: Transcription produces RNA copy of a gene, structural gene produces mRNA that specifies Amino Acid Sequence has three phases: Iniation- recognition step promoter Elongation: RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA, Termination: termination sequence

``` RNA processing: eukaryotic mRNAs made in larger premRNA has... A. introns B. exons C. splicesomes D. A and B ```

D. Introns transcribed not translated, Exons are coding sequences found in mature mRNA, splicing is the removal of introns and connecting of exons

``` What provides and regulates the system that ensures every animal has a unique and universally accepted scientific name? A. FDA B. AARP C. ICZN D. WHO ```

ICZN: Iternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature

``` All of a living things genetic material: A. Genotype B. Phenotype C. Genome D. Gene ```

C. Genome

This organelle metabolizes and breaks down carbohydrates and fatty acids to generate ATP

Mitochondria; prokaryotic origin, descended from specialized bacteria

True or False: A pathogen is a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease

True

``` Which of the following describes the network that works together in order to protect our bodies? A. Skeletal System B. GI Tract C. Smooth Muscle D. Immune System ```

D. Immune system

``` Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 types of immune response? A. Active B. Adaptive C. Innate D. Immune Memory ```

A. Active 3 types of immune responses: Innate, Adaptice, Immune Memory

True or False: Immunity is the ability for the body to ward off disease through defense mechanisms

TRUE

Which of the following is NOT a way for the immune system to prevent disease? A. Prevent pathogens from entering B. Killing all the things with clorox wipes C. Neutralize and remove pathogens after entry D. Destroy body’s own cells that have undergone change due to a pathogen

B. Killing all the things with clorox wipes Prevent Disease: 1. Prevent Entry 2. Neutralize/ remove 3. Destroy host infected cells

``` Which of the following describes the Innate immune response? A. Specific B. Follows adaptive response C. Remembers old “assualt” D. Nonspecific ```

``` D. Nonspecific Innate Prevents entry and invasion Present at birth Always present and available Occurs immediately once a cell recognizes a problem Nonspecific ``` Adaptive: Specific to specific pathogens once they breach innate response Does not occur immediately Immune memory Remembers old assault and protects next time

``` Which of the following is a cellular component of the immune system? A. Bone Marrow B. T cell C. B cell D. Dendritic Cell E. All of the above ```

E. All of the above ``` Cellular Components: Bone Marrow Stem Cells Myeloid Cells Eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages Lymphoid Cells B cels, T cells, NK cells ```

Which of the following is one of the primary lymphoid organs? A. Spleen B. Lymph Node C. Thymus D. Mucosa associated with lymphoid tissue

C. Thymus Primary: Thymus and Bone Marrow Secondary: Spleen, Lymph Node, mucosa with lymph tissue

Which of the following is NOT part of the first line of defense? A. Skin B. Normal Flora C. Fever D. Chemical Barrier

C. Fever

``` Which of the following is part of the second line of defense? A. Ben Boulware B. Mucous Membranes C. Chemical Barrier D. Neutrophils ```

D. Neutrophils 1st. Innate and Nonspecific, skin, physical barriers, chemical barriers, normal flora 2nd: Innate and nonspecific, phagocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes), inflammation, fever, antimicrobial substances 3rd: Adaptive and specific

``` Which of the following describes a macrophage of the liver? A. Histiocyte B. Kupffer Cell C. Langerhan’s cell D. Osteoclast ```

B. Kupffer Cell ``` Types of Macrophages: Tissue: Histiocyte Liver: Kupffer Skin: Langerhans/ Dendritic Brain: Microglia Bone: Osteoclast ```

``` Which of the following is NOT a stage of phagocytosis? A. Opsonization B. Chemoxtaxis C. Initiation D. Ingestion ```

``` C. Initiation Phagocytosis: Process of ingestion -Microorganisms, cellular debris, nutrients Phagocytes -Neutrophils -Eosinophils -Macrophages Stages of Phagocytosis -Osponization -Chemotaxis -Adherence -Ingestion -Digestion -Elimination ```

``` A complement, cascade of proteins, can destroy microbes by… A. Enhanced phagocytosis B. Inflammation C. Termination D. A and B ```

D. A and B Complement - innate immune system - group of over 30 proteins activated as a cascade by a pathogen or antibody x antigen reaction - destroy microbes by: enhanced phagocytosis, inflammation, cytolysis membrane attack (MAC)

True or False: The three main types of interferons are alpha, beta, and delta

False: alpha, beta, gamma

``` Which of the following usually results on the outer surface of a pathogen after activation of the complement system? A. Interferons B. Iron Binding Proteins C. Big Mac D. Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) ```

D. MAC

``` Which of the following describes our 3rd line of defense? A. Adaptive B. Acquired C. Specific D. All of the Above ```

D. all of the above

``` Who is considered the father of immunology? A. Pasteur B. Lister C. Jenner D. Dr. Freeman ```

C. Jenner

``` Which of the following describes any substance that requires the body to produce an antibody against it? A. Antibody B. Antigen C. Cytokine D. B Cell ```

B. antigen

``` Which of the following describes a specific part of the an antigen that the antibody binds to? A. Amnesty B. Eosinophil C. Epitope D. Hapten ```

C. Epitope

``` Which part of an antibody binds to a complement or macrophage? A. Fa region B. Fb region C. Fd region D. Fc region ```

D. Fc Region

True or False: The humoral response involves B cells and intracellular antigens

False: Humoral Response: B cells and extracellular antigent Cell Mediated Response: T Cells and intracellular antigens

True or False: The amannestic response refers to the memory of the immune response

True | quicker and more intense next time

``` Which of the following is present in all nucleated cells? A. Class I MHC B. Class II MHC C. Class III MHC D. Class of 2020 ```

A. Class I MHC Major Histocompatibility Complex: Class I MHC: IN ALL NUCLEATED CELLS Class II MHC: Only in antigen presenting cells

``` Which of the following binds to class I mhc molecules? A. CD8 B. CD6 C. CD4 D. CD14 ```

A. CD8 Class I MHC: CD8 (cytotoxic T cells) Class II MHC: CD4 (helper T cells)

``` Which of the following antibodies usually shows up first? A. IgG B. IgM C. IGA D. MGM ```

B. IgM IgG--> placental transfer IgM --> 1st to show up

True or False: Cytokines process and present antigens to t cells and b cells

False

``` Which of the following is a type of cytokine? A. Interleukin B. Interferon C. Tumor Necrosis Factor D. All of the Above ```

``` D. All of the above Cytokine - Aid cell to cell communication - Stimulate movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection, or trauma - Interleukins - Interferons - Tumor Necrosis Factor ```

``` Which of the following describes the psychomotor domain of Bloom’s Taxonomy? A. knowing/head B. feeling/heart C. walking/feet D. doing/hands ```

D. doing/ hands

``` Which of these did Pasteur NOT do? A. Rabies Vax B. Disproved theory of spontaneous generation C. Antrax Vax D. JK he did all of the above ```

D. he did all the above

``` Who is considered the founder of modern microbiology? A. Pasteur B. Koch C. Jenner D. Aristotle ```

B. Koch

``` Koch had 4 postulates which one did he not change or abandon? A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1 ```

A. 4

True or False: Transmission electron microscope uses an inert metal to coat the specimen

``` False Microscopy: SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy - surface - whole specimen - coated with inert metal: gold TEM: Transmission - super thin specimen - microtone ```

Who discovered penicillin? A. Virchow B. Fleming C. Jenner D. Lister

B. Flemming

``` Who introduced the principle of antiseptic surgery? A. Fleming B. Virchow C. Lister D. Pasteur ```

C. Lister

``` Which of the following canNOT be used to identify a virus? A. Enzymes B. Nucleic acid homology C. Morphology D. Staining ```

D. Staining

True or False: Eubacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell wall

True

``` Which of the following does NOT make up DNA? A. Nitrogenous acid B. Deoxyribose C. Ribose D. A and C ```

D. A and C DNA: phosphate group, pentose sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogenous base

``` Which of the following describes the biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of the cell? A. Anatomy B. Molecular Biology C. Histology D. Cytology ```

B. Molecular Biology

``` Synthesis begins with a _____ and follows in the 5’ to 3’ direction A. Dime B. Replication fork C. Primer D. Amazon Prime ```

C. Primer

True or false: Avery, Macleod, and McClarty said that DNA was a double helix

False

Genetic material must be able to: A. Contain info needed to construct an entire organism B. Be accurately copied C. Account for known variation within and between species D. Pass from parent to offspring and from cell to cell E. All of the Above

E. All of the Above

True or False: 2 DNA strands are complementary and parallel

False: Antiparallel

True or False: Bacterial mRNAs can be translated to polypeptides as soon as they are made

True RNA Processing: Bacterial mRNAs can be translated to polypeptides as soon as they are made. Eukaryotic requires processing

``` Which of the following is NOT a stop codon? A. UAA B. UGA C. UAG D. AUG ```

D. AUG

``` Which of the folowing is NOT a pyrimidine? A. Adenine B. Cytosine C. Uracil D. Thymine ```

A. Adenine | Cut it joke

``` Which of the following describes cloning using a plasmid vector? A. eDNA B. PCR C. Recombinant DNA Technology D. RT PCR ```

C. Recombinant DNA technology

``` Which of the following describes eDNA? A. Southern blotting B. Artificial plasmids used in molecular cloning C. Northern blotting D. None of the above ```

D. None of the above eDNA: - Sequence based methods for diversity/distribution analysis - PCR amplicons - Metagenic libraries - Applied to the environmental samples through organismally derived material to extracellular DNA

T/F: The majority of microbes cause disease

False: - Very few microbes actually cause disease - Microbes - -Beneficial - --Probiotics/fermentation - --Antibiotics - --Vaccines, vitamins - -Harmful - --Diseases - --Food spoilage

``` Which of the following best describes the “One Health” model? A. Humans and Animals B. Infant, young, adult, senior C. Humans, Animals, and ecosystem D. The solar system ```

C. Humans, animals, and ecosystem

``` When discussing Bloom’s Taxonomy which domain refers to “feeling/heart”? A. effective B. Cognitive C. Psychomotor D. Affective ```

D. Affective Remember: Cognitive = knowing/ head Affective = feeling/ heart Psychomotor = doing/ hands

T/F: Hooke created the first compound microscope

False: Janssen was responsible, hooke was the first to publish a picture of a microorganism

``` Which of the following is NOT one of the current three domain classifications? A. Eubacteria B. Virus C. Archae D. Eukaryotes ```

B. Virus Eubacteria: prokaryotes, peptidoglycan in cell wall Archaea: prokaryotes, no pathogenic ones Eukaryotes: protozoans, plants, fungi

T/F: Prokaryotes tend to be larger than Eukaryotes

False

``` Which of the following refers to the pairing of base pairs? A. darwins theory B. kochs postulates C. chargaffs rules D. transforming principle ```

C. Chargaff's rules

``` Which of the following are purines? A. Guaning B. Cytosine C. Adenind D. A and C ```

D. A and C

T/F: In RNA adenine pairs with thymine

False. DNA A-T, RNA A-U

In the helical structure of DNA, the nitrogenous bases are located on the: A. Inside B. Outside C. Underside

``` A. Inside DNA is -Double stranded -Helical -Sugar-phosphate backbone -Bases on the inside -Stabilized by hydrogen bonding -Base pairs with specific pairing ```

``` T/F: DNA Stores and transmits inherited genetic information Contains the coded directions for making proteins Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Phosphate group Deoxyribose ```

``` True: RNA Translates the information coded in DNA for the production of proteins Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil Phosphate group Ribose ```

``` Which of the following separates the strand and moves the fork forward? A. DNA topoisomerase B. RNA helices C. Replication fork D. DNA helicase ```

D. DNA Helicase

``` What term refers to a particular segment of DNA being copied into vis RNA polymerase? A. Translation B. Transfusion C. Tuning D. Transcription ```

D. Transcription

T/F: Transition is the process of synthesizing specific polypeptides on a ribosome

False-- thats translation

``` Plasmids can be transmitted from one bacterium to another. This host to host transfer is called? A. zoonotic gene transfer B. Vertical transmission C. Horizontal gene transfer D. Parallel gene transfer ```

C. Horizontal gene transfer

T/F: The plastid is the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by cells

True

T/F: Detection of a specific DNA sequence from DNA samples is called northern blot

False, southern blotting

Identification of specific proteins

Western Blot DNA- Southern Blot RNA- northern blot Proteins- Western

``` Which of the following is used to detect RNA expression? A. Reverse transcription PCR B. PCR C. Translation PCR D. CPR ```

A. Reverse transcription PCR ``` PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplify specific DNA fragments from genomic DNA Components Template DNA Oligonucleotide Primers DNTP Taq polymerase Correct Conditions ```

T/F: One step RT-PCR is easier to set up

True, Two step is more sensitive

T/F: Real Time PCR monitors the amplification of DNA during PCR instead of at the end

True