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First Exams VetPrep > Exam 1 Clicker/ Learning Objectives Cell > Flashcards

Exam 1 Clicker/ Learning Objectives Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Which go the following statements regarding carbohydrates is NOT correct?
A. Carbohydrates usually have the general formula (CH2O)n, where n can be 3,4,5,6,7,8
B. Aldoses are carbohydrates that contain an aldehyde group
C. Ribose is a hexose
D. In aqueous solution carbohydrates easily switch between open chain and ring forms

A

C. Ribose is a hexose

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2
Q 
Which of the following cells cannot use aerobic glycolysis?
A. Neurons
B. Liver Cells
C. Red Blood Cells
D. Muscle Cells
A

C. Red Blood Cells

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3
Q 
Which steps of glycolysis require an investment of energy?
A. 1-4
B. 5-6
C. 1-3
D. 6-10
A

C. 1-3

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4
Q 
In addition to pyruvate, the net products of glycolosis are:
A. 2 ATP and 2 FADH2
B. 2 ATP and 2 NADH
C. 4 ATP and 2 NADH
D. 2 ATP and 4 NADH
A

B. 2 ATP and 2 NADH

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5
Q

Concerning the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate which of the following is right?
A. It is considered a rate-limiting step of glycolysis
B. It takes place during step 2
C. It is an irreversible reaction
D. Only A and C are right
E. All are right

A

D. Only A and C are right

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6
Q

The first step of the TCA cycle is…
A. The conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
B. The conversion of pyruvate to lactate
C. The conversion of oxaloacetate to citric acid
D. The conversion of citric acid to isocitrate

A

C. the conversion of oxaloacetate to citric acid

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7
Q 
Which one of the following molecules donated electrons to the ETC?
A. ATP
B. NADPH
C. NADH
D. GTP
A

C. NADH

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8
Q

The movement of electrons through the ETC:
A. generates protons
B. consumes protons
C. pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane
D. pumps electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

C. pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane

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9
Q 
Lipids are...
A. important energy sources for the body
B. associated with vitamins
C. components of biologic membranes
D. A and C are right
E. all are right
A

E. All are right

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10
Q 
Lipid digestion begins...
A. in the mouth
B. in the stomach
C. in the small intestine 
D. in the large intestine
A

B. in the stomach

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11
Q 
Which of the following is needed for lipid digestion?
A. pancreas enzymes
B. bile acids
C. transport proteins in the enterocytes
D. A and C are right
E. A and B are right
A

E. A and B are right

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12
Q 
During beta oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondria...
A. energy in form of ATP is generated
B. ACoA is generated
C. NADH and FADH2 are generated
D. A and B are right
E. B and C are right
A

E. B and C are right

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13
Q 
The synthesis of phospholipids for the plasma membrane occurs...
A. in the mitochondria 
B. in the smooth ER
C. in the golgi 
D. in the rough ER
A

B. in the smooth ER

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14
Q

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) suppress inflammation by:
A. inhibiting the immune response
B. blocking pain receptors
C. blocking the synthesis of inflammatory mediators
D. reducing the blood perfusion

A

C. blocking the synthesis of inflammatory mediators

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15
Q 
The first codon in the eukaryotic mRNA codes for
A. methionine
B. thyrosine
C. alanine
D. cystein
A

A. methionine

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16
Q

Disulfide bonds…
A. are formed between two methionine residues
B. are found in cytoplasmic proteins
C. attach transport vesicles to microtubules
D. are formed between two cysteine residues

A

D. are formed between two cysteine residues

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17
Q 
Histidine...
A. is an alfa amino acid
B. contains a basic side chain
C. contains an acidic side chain
D. A and B
E. B and C
A

D. A and B

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18
Q 
Which of the following amino acids have a non polar side chain?
A. Glutamine
B. Serine
C. Threonine
D. Proline
A

D. Proline

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19
Q

T/F: Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, and Methionine have polar side chains

A

FALSE: They all have non-polar side chains

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20
Q

T/F: Amino acids with non polar side chain do not gain or lose electrons in hydrogen or ionic bonds

A

True

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21
Q 
Which of the following substances is a peptide?
A. Prostaglandins
B. Serotonin
C. Oxytocin
D. Leukotrienes
A

C. Oxytocin

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22
Q

Ribosomes…
A. are composed of two subunits containing RNA and proteins
B. have an A, P, and E site
C. Can be organized in polysomes that are attached to the nuclear membrane
D. A and B are right
E. All of the above are right

A

D. A and B are right

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23
Q

A signal sequence for the import into ER will be found:
A. in the middle of the polypeptide chain
B. at the C- terminus
C. at the N- terminus
D. it can be anywhere in the polypeptide chain

A

C. at the N-terminus

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24
Q 
Which of the following organelles contains enzymes for digestion of macromolecules?
A. endoscopes
B. lysosomes
C. peroxisomes
D. golgi
A

B. lysosomes

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25
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

  1. Digestion of carbohydrates is finished by enzymes located at the apical membrane of intestinal cells
  2. isomers are mirror images of a same monosaccharide
  3. in aqueous solution carbohydrates are normally found in the ring form
A

2

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26
Q

Which one of the following statements about glycolysis is correct?
A. the conversion of glucose to lactate requires the presence of oxygen
B. glycolysis takes place in the mitochondria
C. the conversion of pyruvate to lactate yeilds two ATP molecules
D. during the process two NADH are produced

A

D. during the process two NADH are produced

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27
Q

T/F: NADPH from the pentose phosphate is used as an electron donor in different physiological processes

A

True

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28
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a membrane enclosed organelle?
A. Mitochondria
B. Nucleus
C. Ribosome
D. Golgi
E. A & C
F. C & D
A

C. Ribosome

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29
Q

T/F: glucose is a molecule which contains 5 carbons

A

False

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30
Q 
What is the name of the product of glucose and galactose?
A. Fructose
B. Sucrose
C. Lactose
D. Quacktose
A

C. lactose

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31
Q 
Where does digestion of carbohydrates begin in humans and pigs?
A. Stomach
B. Small Intestine
C. Mouth
D. Colon
A

C. Mouth

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32
Q 
Where does absorption of carbohydrates occur?
A. Small Intestine
B. Stomach
C. Pancreas
D. Colon
A

A. Small Intestine

33
Q

T/F: Catabolic pathways capture energy as a result of the breakdown of larger products

A

True

34
Q

T/F: The glycolytic pathway requires oxygen to proceed

A

False; in the absence of oxygen the glycolytic pathway is the only way for a cell to obtain energy

35
Q

What happens to pyruvate produced by glycolysis in the absence of oxygen?
A. Pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria where it is used as the substrate for the electron transport chain
B. It is transported to the liver where it is used in gluconeogenic processes
C. It undergoes anaerobic fermentation and results in the production of lactate
D. It suffocates and is mourned by its remaining family members

A

C. It undergoes anaerobic fermentation and results in the production of lactate

36
Q 
Where does conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA occur?
A. Mitochondria
B. Cytoplasm
C. Nucleus
D. Lysosomes
A

A. Mitochondria

37
Q

In which case would gluconeogenic pathways be activated?
A. After a large meal, high in carbohydrates
B. When glycogen stores in the liver are depleted, such as during a prolonged fast
C. When the glycolytic pathways become “overactive” and it becomes necessary to convert pyruvate back to glucose
D. When plasma [insulin] is elevated

A

B. When glycogen stores in the liver are depleted, such as during a prolonged fast

38
Q

T/F: during prolonged fasts, the body can break down proteins into their constituent amino acids for use in gluconeogenesis

A

True

39
Q 
Which of the following is not a substrate for gluconeogenesis?
A. Lactate
B. Glycerol
C. Amino Acids
D. Glucagon
A

D. Glucagon

40
Q

What is glycogen?
A. An alternative substrate for the glycolytic pathway
B. An enzyme of TCA cycle
C. A polysaccharide which acts as a “storage form” of glucose
D. A death metal band which broke up in the mid 80s and whose earliest hits were their greatest

A

C. A polysaccharide which acts as a “storage form” of glucose

41
Q

The glycerol which is broken down from triacylglycerols ultimately ends up:
A. In the liver, where it is used as a gluconeogenic substrate
B. In the kidneys, where it is used as a gluconeogenic substrate
C. In the bloodstream where it acts as a hormone
D. Dazed and confused in the medulla oblongata, not able to remember what it had to drink last night

A

A. In the liver, where it is used as a gluconeogenic substrate

42
Q 
What does the symbol omega mean with regards to Fatty Acids?
A. Carbon 3
B. Carbon 4
C. Carbon of the terminal methyl group
D. Carbon attached to carboxyl group
A

C. Carbon of the terminal methyl group

43
Q

T/F: Saturated fatty acids contain double bonds

A

FALSE

44
Q 
Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?
A. Alpha-linoleic acid
B. Arachidonic acid
C. Gamma-linoleic acid
D. Palmitic acid
A

A. alpha-linoleic acid

Fatty acid which can NOT be synthesized by the body

45
Q 
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis?
A. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) 
B. Hexokinase
C. Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC)
D. Phosphofructokinase
A

C. acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC)

Acetyl CoA -ACC-> malonyl CoA

46
Q

Which of the following is true regarding carnitine translocate?
A. it facilitates transport of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix
B. it catalyzes the rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis
C. it facilitates transport of fatty acid out of the mitochondrial matrix
D. it facilitates transport of pyruvate into the mitochondria

A

A. it facilitates transport of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix

47
Q

T/F: De Novo Synthesis of fatty acids occurs during a fasted state

A

False

substrates are excess carbohydrate and proteins

48
Q 
Which go the following processes generates the most NET ATP?
A. Glycolysis
B. beta oxidation of fatty acids
C. ETC
D. De novo synthesis of FA
A

B. beta oxidation

generates a massive 129 net ATP

49
Q 
Where does beta oxidation of fatty acids occur?
A. mitochondria
B. cytosol
C. nucleus
D. rough ER
A

A. Mitochondria

50
Q 
Where does synthesis of phospholipids occur?
A. mitochondria
B. lysosomes
C. smooth ER
D. golgi app
A

C. smooth ER

51
Q 
Which of the following amino acids is a precursor of melatonin?
A. methionine
B. tyrosine
C. serine
D. Tryptophan
A

D. tryptophan

52
Q 
Hydroxylation of this AA yields DOPA which is converted to the neurotransmitter dopamine?
A. thyroxine
B. histidine
C. tyrosine
D. threonine
A

C. tyrosine

53
Q 
Which is the function of ADH?
A. uterine contraction of milk
B. vasoconstriction
C. stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion
D. Maintenance of body water balance
A

D. maintenance of body water balance

54
Q

What happened to pyruvate produced by glycolysis in the absence of oxygen?
A. Pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria where it is used as the substrate for the electron transport chain
B. It is transported to the liver where it is used in gluconeogenic processes
C. It undergoes anaerobic fermentation and results in the production of lactate
D. It suffocates and is mourned by its remaining family members

A

C. it undergoes anaerobic fermentation and results in the production of lactate

55
Q

Which of the following would occur if a cell had malfunctioning carnitine translocase enzymes?
A. the micelles wouldn’t be absorbed by the enterocytes
B. de novo synthesis of FA wouldn’t occur
C. the cell wouldn’t be able to get energy from beta oxidation of FA
D. nothing. carnitine translocate is a trash-tier enzyme

A

C. the cell wouldn’t be able to get energy from beta oxidation of FAs

56
Q

T/F: Ketone bodies generated from ketogenesis are converted to acetyl CoA and then enter the TCA cycle

A

True
building of acetyl coa->
acetyl CoA+Acetyl CoA -> ketone

57
Q 
Which of the following cell types can synthesize phospholipids?
A. liver cells
B. pancreatic cells
C. CNS neurons
D. All of the above
A

D. All of the above

58
Q

T/F: prostaglandin F-2 alpha induces vasodialation

A

False

59
Q

T/F: mRNA modification does not occur in prokaryotes

A

true

60
Q 
Which of the following enzymes in not involved with lipid digestion?
A. CCK
B. Secretin
C. Hexokinase
D. Lipases
A

C. Hexokinase

61
Q 
Which of the following is not a use of dietary FFA by the body?
A. enter into muscle cells
B. cross the bbb
C. enter adipocytes
D. remain in the blood
A

B. cross the BBB

62
Q 
Which of the following is the rate limiting step of FA synthesis?
A. Acetyl CoA-> malonyl CoA
B. Acetyl CoA + OAA-> citrate
C. Citrate-> acetyl CoA + OAA
D. Malonyl CoA -> acetyl CoA
A

A. Acetyl CoA-> malonyl CoA

63
Q 
Which of the following AA is responsible for beta bends in protein folding?
A. methionine
B. tryptophan
C. proline
D. alanine
A

C. proline

64
Q 
Which of the following AA contributes to disulfide bonds?
A. arginine
B. proline
C. cysteine
D. lysine
A

C. Cysteine

65
Q 
Which of the following is not a family of AA?
A. acidic
B. basic
C. non-polar
D. amphipathic
A

D. amphipathic

66
Q 
Which of the following is a stop codon?
A. stop
B. AUG
C. UAC
D. UGA
A

D. UGA

67
Q

Alternative splicing results in which of the following:
A. allowing the same gene to code for multiple proteins
B. shorter genes, less non-coding material
C. 3D conformational structure of tRNA molecules
D. easier sorting of post transcriptional proteins

A

A. allowing the same gene to code for multiple proteins

Explains how human genome contains only roughly 20,000 individual genes, but requires about 100,000 different proteins for normal functions

68
Q 
Where does N-Linked glycosylation start?
A. ER
B. Golgi
C. Mitochondria
D. Nucleus
A

A. ER

69
Q

T/F: the nuclear membrane is associated with the membrane of the smooth ER

A

False

70
Q 
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of ribosomal binding subdomains a tRNA molecule passes thru during protein synthesis>
A. A-B-E
B. E-P-A
C. B-A-E
D. A-P-E
A

D. A-P-E

71
Q

T/F: protein transport into the ER requires energy

A

True

72
Q

T/F: the signal sequence directing proteins to the ER membrane is contained in the C-terminus of a polypeptide

A

False

73
Q

T/F: during prolonged fasts, the body can break down proteins into their constituent AA for use in gluconeogenesis

A

True

74
Q 
A signal sequence located in the C terminus of a protein signifies which of the following?
A. transport into the nucleus
B. transport into the mitochondria
C. transport into the peroxisomes
D. Retention in lumen of ER
A

D. Retention in lumen of ER

75
Q

T/F: c-terminus in cytosol in type 1

A

True: you can remember that you are thinking in reference to the cytosolic end then C comes before N, and 1 before 2. If C is in cytosol it is 1 if N in cytosol it is 2

76
Q

Which of the following is not true with regards to protein folding?
A. an incorrectly folded protein will not leave the ER
B. chaperone proteins assist in the covalent folding of proteins
C. protein folding does not require ATP
D. folding takes place in the ER

A

C. protein folding does not require ATP

77
Q

Where is the nuclear transport signal found in a polypeptide chain?
A. N-terminus
B. C-terminus
C. in the middle of the chain
D. the premise is false RNA is made in the nucleus so there is no need for a nuclear transport signal

A

C. in the middle of the chain

78
Q 
Protein phosphorylation takes place in which of the following?
A. Cis golgi
B. Medial Golgi
C. Trans golgi network
D. no
A

A. cis golgi

79
Q

T/F: O-glycolysation is important for the functional conformation of a protein

A

True

First Exams VetPrep (4 decks)

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