Microbiology Book Flashcards
_______________ are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus, composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane
Eukaryotes
_______________ are unicellular microbes that lack a true nucleus
Prokaryotes
__________ are relatively large microscopic eukaryotes and include molds and yeasts. These organisms obtain their food from other organisms and have cell walls.
Fungi
___________ are single-celled eukaryotes that are similar to animals in their nutritional needs and cellular structure. Most part capable of Locomotion, and some cause disease.
Protozoa
__________ are plant like eukaryotes that are photosynthetic ; they make their own food from carbon dioxide and water, using energy from sunlight
Algae
__________ are unicellular prokaryotes who’s cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan. Most are beneficial, but some cause disease.
(some lack cell walls)
Bacteria
__________ are single celled prokaryotes have a cell walls lack peptidoglycan and instead are composed of other polymers
Archaea
__________ are microorganisms so small that they were hidden from microbiologist until the invention of the electron microscope in 1932. All are acellular obligate parasites.
Viruses
The theory of ___________________ proposes that all living organisms can arise from nonliving matter
(Louis Pasteur use the swan neck flask’s that remained free of microbes, disproving the theory)
Spontaneous generation
Abiogenesis
Microbes are intentionally manipulated to manufacture products
Industrial microbiology
Biotechnology
________________ is the use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages, is an industrial application widely used today.
Pasteurization
The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
Metabolism
Microorganisms that cause specific diseases are called ______________
Pathogens
____________________
1. The suspected causation agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts.
2. The agent must be isolated in grown outside the host.
3. When the agent is introduced to a healthy susceptible host, the host must get the disease
4. The same agent must be re-isolated from the disease, experimental host.
Koch’s postulates
The _____________ is the most widely used staining technique and distinguishes gram-positive from gram-negative bacteria, and reflects differences in composition of the bacterial cell wall
Gram stain
- developed by Christian Gram a danish scientist in 1884
_______________ infections acquired from unclean & unhygienic healthcare facilities
Nosocomial
The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans
Epidemiology
The study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens
Immunology
A branch of medical microbiology, in which chemicals are studied for their potential to destroy pathogenic microorganisms
Chemotherapy
________________ is the study of metabolism
Biochemistry
_______________ combines aspects of bio, chemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level
Molecular biology
________________ involves the manipulation of genes in microbes, plants, animals for practical applications, such as the development of pest-resistant crops in the treatment of disease
Genetic engineering
_______________ is the use of recombinant DNA to insert a missing gene or repair a defective gene in human cells
Gene therapy
_______________ studies the role microorganisms play in their natural environment
Environmental microbiology
_____________ is the study of blood serum, the liquid that remains after blood coagulates, and which carries disease fighting chemicals
Serology
Which microbial group was not discovered until the introduction of modern research tools?
A. Archaea
B. Bacteria
C. Fungi
D. Viruses
A
Early scientists used the term fermentation to mean:
A. The formation of alcohol.
B. The formation of acids.
C. The putrefaction of meat.
D. All the above.
D
The germ theory of disease specifically applies to:
A. All diseases.
B. Genetic diseases.
C. Infectious diseases.
D. Diseases caused by toxins or allergies.
C
Koch’s Postulates are ultimately successful for eating scientists and discovering the causes of infections diseases because of what laboratory technique?
A. Isolation of organisms in pure culture.
B. Observation of organisms under microscopy
C. Staining techniques, such as the Gram stain.
D. Methods for counting the numbers of organisms present in a sample.
A
The Gram stain is useful for distinguishing between which types of microbes?
A. Algae.
B. Bacteria.
C. Fungi.
D. Protozoa.
Bacteria
Which of the following questions was not answered during the golden age of microbiology?
A. Does life spontaneously generate?
B. Do microbes cause fermentation?
C. Does microbial life exist on other planets?
D. Do microbes cause disease?
C
Which of the following is not a role that microbes play in the environment?
A. Causing disease.
B. Decaying dead organisms.
C. Recycling chemicals.
D. All our roles played by microbes.
D
____________ what is defined as anything that takes up space and has mass
Matter
The smallest chemical unit of matter are ___________
Atoms
Negatively charged particles that spin around the nucleus are called _______________
Electrons
Uncharged particles in the nucleus are called _______________
Neutrons
Positively charged particles in the nucleus are called ______________
Protons
An ____________ is matter that is composed of a single type of atom
Element
_______________ is the number of protons in the nucleus
Atomic number
________________ is the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons and electrons
Atomic mass
Atomic weight
______________ are atoms of an element that differ only in the number of neutrons they contain
Isotopes
The outer most shell of an atom is called the ______________
Valence shell
The number of electrons in the valence shell of an atom determines the atom’s ______________
Reactivity
- Atoms with valence shells not containing the maximum number of electrons are more likely to give up or accept electrons from another atom until the outermost shell is full
Sharing or transferring of electrons to fill a valance shell results in the formation of a _________________
Chemical bond
2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds form a ______________
Molecule
Molecule containing atoms of more than one element is called a ________________
Compound
A _______________ is the sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms
Covalent bond
Attraction of an atom for electrons is called its __________________
Electronegativity
____________________ form when atoms with similar electronegativities bind, and the shared electrons tend to spend an equal amount of time around each nucleus of the pair (neither nucleus acts as a pole to exert an unequal pole)
Nonpolar covalent bonds
_______________ form when atoms with significantly different electronegativities combine, and the electron pair will spend more time orbiting the nucleus of the atom with greater electronegativity (causing an unequal sharing of electrons)
Polar covalent bonds
Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms are called _________________
Organic compounds
Charged atoms are called ________
Positively charged atoms are called ________
Negatively charged atoms are called ________
Ions
Cations
Anions
The opposite charges of cations and anions attract each other strongly to form an _______________
Ionic bond
Molecules with ionic bonds form crystalline compound, known as _______ (such as sodium chloride)
Salts
In ionic bonds, the electrons are _____________ from one molecule to another
Transferred
The polar bonds of water molecules interfere with a ionic bonds of salt, causing _________________
Dissociation (ionization)
When cations and anions dissociate in water, they are called _____________ because they can conduct electricity through the solution
Electrolytes
_____________ form when a partially charged hydrogen atom is attracted to a full or partially negative charge on either a different region of the same molecule or another molecule. The cumulative effect of numerous hydrogen bonds is to stabilize the three dimensional shapes of large molecules, such as DNA.
Hydrogen bonds
_______________ result from the making or breaking of chemical bonds
Chemical reactions
Atoms, ions, or molecules that exist at the beginning of a reaction
Reactants
Atoms, ions, or molecules that remain after the reaction is complete
Products
_______________ involve the formation of larger, more complex molecules
Synthesis reactions
___________________ , is when 2 smaller molecules are joined together by a covalent bond and a water molecule is removed from the reactants
Dehydration synthesis
_______________ is the sum of all the synthesis reactions in an organism
Anabolism
Reactions that trap energy within a new molecular bonds
Endothermic reactions
____________________ break bonds within larger reactants to form smaller atoms, ions, and molecules
Decomposition reactions
Reactions that release energy are called ____________________
Exothermic reactions
_______________ is a common type of decomposition reaction, in which a covalent bond in a large molecule is broken and the ionic components of water (H+ & OH-) are added to the products
Hydrolysis
All of the decomposition reactions in an organism are called _________________
Catabolism
_______________ involves exchanging atoms between reactants
Exchange reactions
The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism is called ______________________
Metabolism
_______________ lack carbon
Inorganic chemicals
An ________ is a substance that dissociates into 1 or more hydrogen ions and 1 or more anions
Acid
A __________ is a molecule that binds with H+ when dissolved in water, and many may dissociate into hydroxyl ions and cations.
Base
