Medical Terms Flashcards
Structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins
Chromatin
Threadlike structures within the nucleus, composed of a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule that carries heredity information encoded in genes (counted by each centromere)
Chromosome
Jelly-like substance found within the cell membrane, composed of proteins, salt, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients
Cytoplasm
Molecule that holds genetic information, capable of replicating in producing an exact copy of whenever the cell divides
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
Sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism
Metabolism
Cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes
Organelle
Study of the nature of diseases, their causes, development, and consequences
Pathology
Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the walls of a tubular organ to propel its contents onward
Peristalsis
The study of the body at the cellular level is called ________
Cytology
Groups of cells that perform a specialized activity are called ___________
Tissues
The study of tissues is called _________
Histology
_________________ covers surfaces of organs, lines, cavities, and canals, forms tubes, and ducts, provides the secreting portions of glands, and makes up the epidermidis of the skin. It is composed of cells, arranged in a continuous sheet, consisting of one or more layers.
Epithelial tissue
_______________ supports and connects other tissues and organs. It is made up of diverse cell types, including fibroblasts, fat cells, and blood.
Connective tissue
_______________ provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement
Muscular tissue
_______________ transmit electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body
Nervous tissue
_______________ are 4 divisions of the lower torso used to show topographical location
Quadrants
When homeostasis is disrupted in cells, tissues, organs, or systems are unable to function effectively, the condition is called _________
Disease
From a clinical standpoint disease is a _____________ or __________ condition that presents a group of signs, symptoms, and clinical findings
Pathological
Morbid
__________ are objective indicators that are observable
Signs
A ____________ is subjective and is experienced only by the patient
Symptom
____________ is the study of the cause or origin of a disease or disorder
Etiology
Establishing the cause and nature of a disease is called ___________
Diagnosis
A __________ is the prediction of the course of a disease and it’s probable outcome
Prognosis
Any disease whose cause is unknown is said to be __________
Idiopathic
Substance, analyzed, or tested, generally, by means of laboratory methods
Analyte
Bursting open of a wound, especially a surgical abdominal wound
Dehiscence
Feverish ; pertaining to a fever
Febrile
Body defense against injury, infection, or allergy that is marked by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and sometimes loss of function
Inflammation
Diseased ; pertaining to a disease
Morbid
Pathological state, usually Fibro, resulting from the presence of micro organisms or their products in the bloodstream
Sepsis
Producing or associated with generation of pus
Suppurative
Visual examination of a body cavity or a canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
Endoscopy
Visual examination of the organs of the pelvis and abdomen through very small incisions in the abdominal wall
Laparoscopy
Examination of the lungs, pleura, and pleural space with a scope inserted through a small incision between the ribs
Thoracoscopy
Common blood test, that enumerates red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets; measures hemoglobin; estimates red cell volume; and sorts white blood cells into five subtypes with their percentages
Complete blood count (CBC)
Common urine screening test that evaluates the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine
Urinalysis
Radiographic technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays continuous motion images of internal structures
Fluoroscopy
Representative tissue sample removed from a body site of microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis
Biopsy
Ultra thin, slice of tissue cut from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination
Frozen section biopsy
Removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe
Needle biopsy
Removal of a small core of tissue, using a hollow instrument
Punch biopsy
Removal of tissue using a surgical blade to shave elevated lesions
Shave biopsy
Removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgical, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency
Ablation
Surgical joining of 2 ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
Anastomosis
Destroy tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals
Cauterize
Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon shaped instrument called a curette
Curettage
Incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity
Incision and drainage (I&D)
Surgical technique employing a device that emits intense heat and powder at close range to cut, burn, vaporize, or destroy tissues
Laser surgery
Surgical removal of tissue in and extensive area surrounding the surgical site in an attempt to excise all tissue that may be malignant and decrease the chance of recurrence
Radical dissection
Partial excision of a bone, organ, or other structure
Resection
Generic term for an agent that stimulates development of male characteristics (testosterone and androsterone)
Androgen
Very small duct
Ductule
Pouch of skin in the male that contains the testicles
Scrotum
Formation of a complex substance by the compounds or elements
Synthesis
As the cells move towards the stratum corneum to replace the cells that have been sloughed off, they die, and become filled with a hard protein material called __________
Keratin
In the basal layer, special cells called ___________ produce a black pigment called __________
Melanocytes
Melanin
Another name for dermis is _________
Corium
The subcutaneous layer is also called the _______________
Hypodermis
__________ occurs when the hairs of the scalp are not replaced because of death of the papillae
Alopecia
The half moon shaped area at the base of the nail is called the ___________
Lunula
____________ are areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection
Lesions
Lesions may affect tissue over an area of a definite size, called __________ or maybe widely spread throughout the body, called __________
Localized
Systemic
_______________ are the initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated
Primary skin lesions
_______________ are changes that take place in the primary lesion due to infection, scratching, trauma, or various stages of a disease
Secondary skin lesions
_______________ are the least serious type of burn because they injure only the top layers of the skin, the epidermis
First-degree burns (superficial)
_______________ are deep burns that damage, both the epidermis and part of the dermis, and may heal with little or no scarring
Second-degree burns (partial thickness)
_______________ the epidermidis and dermis are destroyed, and some of the underlying connective tissue is damaged, leaving the skin, waxy and chard with insensitivity to touch. The underlying bones, muscles, and tendons may also be damaged.
Third-degree burns (full thickness)
Skin grafting
Dermatoplasty
The formula for estimating the percentage of adult body surface area, affected by burns, is to apply the ______________
Rule of Nines
- this method assigns values of 9% or 18% of service areas to specific regions
- It is important to know the amount of the burned surface area because IV fluids for hydration are required to replace fluids lost from tissue damage
__________ are abnormal growth of new tissue that are classified as benign or malignant
Neoplasms
_______________ are non-cancerous growths, composed of the same type of cells as the tissue in which they are growing
Benign neoplasm’s
_______________ are composed of cells that are invasive and spread to remote regions of the body. These cells show altered function, altered appearance, and uncontrolled growth. They invade surrounding tissue.
Malignant neoplasms
Malignant cells from the primary tumor may enter blood and lymph vessels, and travel to remote regions of the body to form secondary tumor sites, a process called ____________
Metastasis
The presence of a malignant growth is the disease called ___________
Cancer
____________ is a treatment that stimulates the bodies on immune defenses to fight tumor cells
Immunotherapy
Bio therapy
The _______________ a system of staging is used to identify the invasiveness of the malignant tumor
Tumor, Node, & Metastasis (TNM)
A _______ grading system is used to evaluate the appearance and maturity of malignant cells in a tumor. Pathologist commonly describe tumors by their grades of severity based on the microscopic appearance of their cells
Tumor
_______________ is the most common type of skin cancer and is a malignancy of the basal layer of the epidermidis, or hair follicles. This type of cancer is commonly caused by over exposure to sunlight. These tumors are locally invasive, but rarely metastasize.
Basal cell carcinoma
_______________ arises from skin that undergoes pathological hardening (keratinizing) of epidermal cells. It is an invasive tumor with potential for meta-stasis and occurs commonly in fair skinned white men over age 60.
Squamous cell carcinoma
Confined to its original site
In situ
_________________ is a neoplasm composed of abnormal melanocytes that commonly begin as a darkly pigmented mole
Malignant melanoma
Melanomas are diagnosed by __________ along with histological examination
Biopsy
Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection
Abscess
Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristic lesions that include blackheads, inflammatory, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts ; usually associated with seborrhea
Acne
Partial or complete loss of hair, resulting from normal aging, and endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anti-cancer, medication, or a skin disease
Alopecia
Form of intraepidermal carcinoma, characterized by red brown scaling or crusted lesions that resemble a patch of psoriasis or dermatitis
Bowen disease
Diffuse, acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
Cellulitis
Pigmentary skin discoloration, usually occurring and yellowish brown patches or spots
Chloasma
Typically small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging and excretory duct of the skin
Comedo
Infection of the skin caused by fungi
Dermatomycosis
Skin discoloration, consisting of a large, your regularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors, changing from blue to black to green to brown or yellow
Ecchymosis
Chronic skin inflammation, characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, scabs, and possibly itching
Eczema
Redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries
Erythema
Damaged tissue, following a severe burn
Eschar
Bacterial skin infection, characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
Impetigo
Thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin
Keratosis
Small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought on by sun exposure, usually in a middle-aged or older person
Lentigo
Unnatural paleness, or absence of color in the skin
Pallor
Infestation with lice, transmitted, by personal contact, or common use of brushes, combs, and headgear
Pediculosis
Minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin
Petechia
Skin ulceration caused by prolong pressure from lying on one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in bedridden patients ; also known as decubitus ulcer
Pressure ulcer
Intense itching
Pruritus
Chronic skin disease characterized by circumscribed red patches, covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales, caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermidis
Psoriasis
Any of several bleeding disorders, characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin, or mucous membranes, producing ecchymosis or petechia
Purpura
Contagious skin disease, transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact
Scabies
Fungal skin infection, whose name commonly indicates the body part affected ; also called ringworm
Tinea
Allergic reaction of the skin, characterized by the irruption of pale red, elevated patches, called wheals over hives
Urticaria
Epidermal growth caused by a virus ; also known as warts
Verruca
Localized loss of skin pigmentation, characterized by milk, white patches
Vitiligo
Any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to, or injected into the skin to determine the patient’s sensitivity to it
Skin test
Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneous injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction
Intradermal skin test
Skin test identify suspected allergens by topical application of the substance to be tested, usually on the forearm, and observing for a subsequent reaction
Patch skin test
Skin test identify suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin
Scratch skin test
Chemical removal of the outer layers of the skin to treat acne scarring, and general keratosis
Chemical peel
Removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical, excision, enzymes, or chemical agents
Debridement
Rubbing using wire brushes or sandpaper, to mechanically scrape away the epidermidis
Dermabrasion
Tissue destruction by means of high frequency, electric current ; also called electrodesiccation
Fulguration
Use of subfreezing temperatures to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumors, warts, and unwanted, cancers, or infected tissue
Cryosurgery
Surgical procedure to transplant, healthy tissue by applying it to an injured site
Skin graft
Transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person ; also called homograft
Allograft
Transplantation of healthy tissue from one side to another site in the same individual
Autograft
Transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen, fibers arranged in a lattice pattern
Synthetic graft
Transplantation from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and transferred to a human ; also called heterograft
Xenograft
The interior lining of the stomach is composed of the mucous membranes, and contains numerous macroscopic longitudinal folds called ___________ that gradually unfold as the stomach feels
Rugae
Orange colored, or yellowish pigment in bile
Bilirubin
Mass of masticated food, ready to be swallowed
Bolus
Denotes a gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue, or into a vessel
Exocrine
Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts, a passage or close, is a natural opening of the body
Sphincter
Nutrients in chyme are absorbed through microscopic finger like projections called ________
Villi
__________ is the uppermost segment of the small intestine and is about 10 inches long
Duodenum
__________ is the second part of the small intestine, and is about 8 feet long
Jejunum
__________ what is the third part of the small intestine and is about 12 feet long
Ileum
The __________ is the largest glandular organ in the body and weighs approximately 3 - 4 lbs
Liver
_______________ is the branch of medicine concerned with digestive diseases
Gastroenterology
An ________ is a circumscribed, open sore, on the skin, or mucous membranes within the body
Ulcer
_______________ develops in the parts of the G.I. tract that are exposed to hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme secreted in the stomach that begins the digestion of proteins
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
_______________ is a chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum commonly begins in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extends upward into the entire colon. It is characterized by profuse, watery, diarrhea, containing varying amounts of blood, mucus, and pus.
Ulcerative colitis
A _______ is a protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained
Hernia
An ______________ is a partial or complete blockage in the small or large intestine that prevents forward flow of digestive products
Intestinal obstruction
Complete obstruction of any part of the intestine constitutes a medical emergency and requires rapid diagnosis and medical treatment within a _________ period to prevent death
24 hour
The two forms of intestinal obstructions include mechanical blockage also called _______ , where contents of the intestine are prevented from moving forward due to an obstacle or barrier that blocks the lumen. The second form is non-mechanical blockage also called ____________ , where peristaltic movement is lacking or absent, and the contents are no longer propelled through the intestine.
Ileus
Paralytic ileus
Enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal are called _____________
Hemorrhoids
____________ is an inflammatory condition of the liver
Hepatitis
Hepatitis A also called _________
Infectious hepatitis
Hepatitis B and hepatitis C are also called _____________
Serum hepatitis
Extreme constipation
Obstipation
_______________ is a condition in which small, blister like pockets, develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and may balloon through the intestinal wall
Diverticulosis
____________ cancer arises from the epithelial lining of the large intestine
Colorectal
Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
Anorexia
Inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection
Appendicitis
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
Ascites
Rumbling, or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance, and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine
Borborygmus
Physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass ; commonly associated with aids and cancer
Cachexia
Presents for formation of gall stones in the gallbladder or common bile duct
Cholelithiasis
Scarring or dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease
Cirrhosis
Spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ, especially in the colon, accompanied by pain
Colic
Chronic inflammation, usually in the ileum, but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract ; also called regional enteritis
Crohn’s disease
Act of swallowing
Deglutition
Inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food, containing chemical, irritant, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites, which results in bloody diarrhea
Dysentery
Epigastric discomfort felt after eating ; also called indigestion
Dyspepsia
Inability or difficulty in swallowing ; also called aphagia
Dysphagia
Producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sound ; also called belching
Eructation
Fecal concretion
Fecalith
Gas in the G.I. tract ; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus
Flatus
Backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Offensive or bad breath
Halitosis
Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
Hematemesis
Symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function for which no organic cause can be determined ; also called spastic colon
Irritable bowel syndrome
Symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through the intestinal villi into the blood or lymph
Malabsorption syndrome
Passage of dark colored, tarry stools, due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices
Melena
Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the bodies, skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight
Obesity
Body mass index of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight
Morbid obesity
Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek, caused primarily by irritation
Oral leukoplakia
Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine
Pyloric stenosis
Backward flowing as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach
Regurgitation
Passage of fat, in large amounts in the feces, due to failure to digest and absorb it
Steatorrhea
Endoscopy of the esophagus stomach and duodenum
Upper G.I
Endoscopy of the colon, sigmoid colon, and the rectum and anal canal
Lower G.I.
Panel of blood test that identify the specific virus causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens (hepatitis A, hepatitis, V, or hepatitis C)
Hepatitis panel
Group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions often associated with the biliary tract
Liver function tests
Measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood
Serum bilirubin
Test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces
Stool culture
Applying a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect the presence of occult blood in the feces ; also called Hemoccult
Stool guaiac
Radiographic examination of the rectum in: following enema administration of barium sulfate into the rectum
Barium enema
Radiographic, examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine, following oral administration of barium sulfate ; also called esophagram and upper G.I. series
Barium swallow
Radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast, material, containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet
Cholecystography
Endoscopic procedure that provides radiographic visualization of the bile and pancreatic ducts to identify partial or total obstructions, as well as stones, cysts, and tumors
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Radiographic examination of bile duct structures
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
Radiographic examination of the salivary glands and ducts
Sialography
Procedure that involves insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric, distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions ; to instill medication, food, or fluids ; or to obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis
Nasogastric intubation
Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum, after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in treatment of ulcerative colitis
Ileorectal
Surgical connection of two points of the intestines ; also called Enteroenterostomy
Intestinal
Group of procedures that treat, morbid obesity, a condition which arises from severe accumulation of excessive weight, as fat tissue, and the resultant health problems
Bariatric surgery
Upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch. A band is the inserted that restricts food consumption and delays. It’s passage from the couch, causing a feeling of fullness.
Vertical band gastroplasty
Stomach is first stable to decrease it to a small pouch. Next the jejunum is shortened and connected to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the non-functioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration. This configuration decreases the path of food through the intestine, reducing absorption of calories and fat.
RGB
Creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag
Colostomy
Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating, it’s fragments either surgically or using ultrasonic shockwaves
Lithotripsy
Use of shockwaves as a non-invasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts
Extracorporeal shockwave
Excision of a polyp
Polypectomy
Incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus ; used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Pyloromyotomy
Tasteless, colorless, odorless, gas, produced by body cells during the metabolic process
Carbon dioxide
Tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments, but less dense than bone
Cartilage
Any hair like structure
Cilia
Moving or spreading out of a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction, or application of external forces
Diffuse
Moist tissue layer, lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment ; also called mucosa
Mucous membrane
Thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities, the cells of which secrete a fluid that keeps the membrane moist ; also called serosa
Serous membrane
Within the nasopharynx is a collection of lymphoid tissue, known as ______________
Adenoids
The space between the right and left the lungs is called the ________________
Mediastinum
_______________ is more commonly called breathing, which is a largely involuntary action that moves air into and out of the lungs in response to changes in blood O2 & CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Pulmonary ventilation
_______________ , which is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli, and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
External respiration
_____________________ , which occurs when blood, aided by the cardiovascular system, transports CO2 to the lungs and O2 to the body cells
Transport of respiratory gases
_______________ , which is the exchange of O2 & CO2 between the body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries
Internal respiration
_______________ is the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the respiratory system
Pulmonology
___________________ includes respiratory disorders that produce a chronic partial obstruction of the air passages. The patient finds it difficult to breathe, especially upon exertion, and usually exhibit a chronic cough. The three major disorders include asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
__________ produces spasms in the bronchial passages that may be sudden and violent and lead to dyspnea
Asthma
In asthma, if the usual measures do not reverse the bronchospasms, the condition is referred to as ____________________
Status asthmaticus
_______________ is an inflammation of the bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution
Chronic bronchitis
_______________ is characterized by decreasing elasticity of the alveoli. The alveoli expand, but are unable to contract to their original size. The air that remains trapped in the chest results in a characteristic “barrel chested” appearance.
Emphysema
_______________ is an active infectious respiratory disease. Three major viral types are responsible : type A, type B, and type C
Influenza (flu)
Any abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity, the space between the visceral and parietal pleura, is called a ____________________
Pleural effusion
_______________ is the listening of sound made by organs of the body using a stethoscope
auscultation
_______________ is the gentle tapping of the chest with the fingers, and listening to the resultant sounds to determine the position, size, or consistency of the underlying structures
Percussion
____________ is a non-inflammatory fluid that resembles serum, but with slightly less protein
Transudate
____________ is usually high in proteins and often contains blood and immune cells
Exudate
____________ is a communicable disease caused by the bacterium - mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
____________ is any inflammatory disease of the lungs that may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi
Pneumonia
__________________ is a type of pneumonia, closely associated with AIDs
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
_______________ is a hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands that causes the body to secrete extremely thick mucus. This second mucus clogs ducts of the pancreas and digestive tract. It also blocks ducts of the sweat glands, causing the skin to become highly salty. In the lungs, mucus blocks airways and impede, natural disease fighting mechanisms causing repeated infections.
Cystic fibrosis
________________ is a condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of the patient. The alveoli fill with fluid caused by inflammation , and then collapse, making oxygen exchange impossible. This usually occurs as a result of very serious lung conditions, such as trauma, severe, pneumonia, and other major infections that affect the entire body or blood.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
_______________ it is a form of respiratory distress syndrome and is caused by insufficient surfactant, which causes the alveoli to collapse and breathing becomes labored
Hyaline membrane disease (infant respiratory distress syndrome)
Excessive acidity of body fluids
Acidosis
Absence of the sense of smell
Anosmia
Temporary loss of breathing
Apnea
Sleeping disorder, in which breathing stops repeatedly for more than 10 seconds, causing measurable bloody oxygenation
Sleep apnea
Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen
Asphyxia
Collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic, and affect, all or part of a lung
atelectasis
Repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth of respiration, first, deeply, then shallow, then not at all
Cheyne stokes respiration
Ease with which lung tissue can be stretched
Compliance
Head cold ; upper respiratory infection
Coryza
Abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters, moisture filled alveoli ; also called rale
Crackle
Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchiole passages, and sometimes lungs
Croup
Displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils
Deviated, nasal septum
Severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most often in children between 2 - 12 years of age
Epiglottitis
Nosebleed ; nasal hemorrhage
Epistaxis
Enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, commonly associated with pulmonary disease
Finger clubbing
Deficiency of oxygen in the blood
Hypoxemia
Deficiency of oxygen in the tissues
Hypoxia
Acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a “whoop” sound
Pertussis
Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing
Pleurisy
Disease caused by inhaling dust particles, including coal dust, stone, dust, iron, dust, and asbestos particles
Pneumoconiosis
Accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lungs, tissues and alveoli, caused most commonly by heart failure
Pulmonary edema
Abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation
Rhonchus.
High-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath, sound caused by a spasm or swelling in the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway
Stridor
Complete, unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than 12 months of age
Sudden infant death syndrome (crib death)
Whistling or sighing, sound heard on auscultation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway
Wheeze
Intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction or the area around the test site becomes red and swollen
Mantoux test
Noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen
Oximetry
Test of sleep, cycles and stages using continuous recordings of brain waves, electrical activity of muscles, eye-movement, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood, oxygen saturation, heart rhythm, and sometimes direct observation of the person during sleep using a video camera
Polysomnography
Multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air, as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane
Pulmonary function test
Measurement of ventilatory ability by assessing lung capacity and flow, including the time necessary for exhaling the total volume of inhaled air
Spirometry
Visual examination of the bronchi, using an endoscope inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures, or for projection on a monitor
Bronchoscopy
Visual examination of the larynx, to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve, or structural injury, or other abnormalities
Laryngoscopy
Visual examination of the mediastinal structures, including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes
Mediastinoscopy
Test that measures partial pressure of oxygen, carbon dioxide, PH, and HCO3 level of arterial blood sample
Arterial blood gas
Microbial test used to identify disease causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonia’s
Sputum culture
Measurement of the amount of salt in sweat
Sweat test
Test used to identify pathogens, especially Group A streptococci
Throat culture
Irritating, or washing out of an organ, stomach, bladder, bowel, or body cavity with a stream of water or other fluid
Lavage
Irrigation of the antrum in chronic or non-responsive sinusitis
Antral lavage
Positioning a patient, so that gravity aids in the training of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs
Postural drainage
Excision of part of the pleura of the lung, usually parietal
Pleurectomy
Excision of a lung
Pneumectomy
Reconstructive surgery of the nose to correct deformities, or for cosmetic purposes
Rhinoplasty
Surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures
Septoplasty
Surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity
Thoracentesis
Pleurocentesis
Thoracocentesis
Surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck, and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted
Tracheostomy
Portion of the nervous system, that regulates, involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis
Autonomic nervous system
Thin, flattened structure ; term used to describe the leaf shaped structures that compose a heart valve
Leaflet
Tubular, space, or channel within any organ or structure of the body ; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube
Lumen
Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel, that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medication’s, or physiological processes
Vasoconstriction
Widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls
Vasodilation
State of being sticky or gummy
Viscosity
The walls of large arteries have three layers to provide toughness and elasticity, which include : ______________ , ______________ , & _______________
Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica intima
The heart is found in a sac, called the ________________
Pericardium
The heart is composed of 3 distinct tissue layers : ______________ , ____________ , & ____________
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
_______________ , a serous membrane that lines the 4 chambers of the heart and its valves, and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins
Endocardium
_______________ , the muscular layer of the heart
Myocardium
_______________ , the outer most layer of the heart
Epicardium
The sequence of the 4 structure is responsible for the conduction of a contraction impulse is :
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers
The _____ wave is the depolarization of the atria
P
The ______ complex is the depolarization of the ventricles
QRS
The ____ wave is the repolarization of the ventricles
T
______________ measures the force of blood against the arterial walls during 2 phases of a heartbeat : the systolic phase is when the blood is forced out of the heart, and the diastolic phase is when the ventricles are filling with blood
Blood pressure
What are 5 factors that influence blood pressure :
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
Resistance of blood flow in blood vessels
Pumping action of the heart
Viscosity or thickness of blood
Elasticity of arteries
Quantity of blood in the vascular system
_______________ is the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the vascular system
Cardiology
_______________ is a hardening of arterial walls that causes them to become thickened and brittle. This hardening results from a buildup of a plaque like substance, composed of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris. Eventually the plaque hardens causing the vessel to lose elasticity. The lumen narrows as the plaques become larger. After a while, it becomes difficult for blood to pass through the blockage.
Arteriosclerosis
A procedure in which the surgeon opens the site and removes the plaque, thereby resuming normal blood flow. It is commonly used to treat, carotid, artery, disease, peripheral arterial disease, and diseases of the renal artery and aortic arch
Endarterectomy
Failure of the coronary arteries to deliver an adequate supply of blood to the myocardium is called ________________
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
In this procedure, a deflated balloon is passed through a small incision in the skin, and into the diseased blood vessel. When the balloon inflate, it presses the occluding material against the lumen to force open the channel after the procedure the physician deflates and removes the balloon. Sometimes the physician will place a hollow send mesh stent on the balloon and positioned it against the artery wall.
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
An invasive procedure that involves rerouting blood around the occluded area, using a vein graph that bypasses the obstruction.
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
_______________ is an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves. It may be non-infective in nature, caused by thrombi formation, or infective caused by various microorganism’s.
Endocarditis
Bacteria traveling in the bloodstream may lodge in the weakened heart tissue and form small masses called ____________ composed of fibrin and platelets
Vegetations
_______________ are enlarged, twisted, superficial veins that develop when the valves of the veins do not function properly, and fail to prevent the backflow of blood. Blood accumulates in the vein becomes engorged and distended. Excess fluid eventually seeps from the vein, causing swelling in the surrounding tissues.
Varicose veins
Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery
Aneurysm
Condition of being stopped for bringing to a stop
Arrest
Loss of effective cardiac function, which results in cessation of circulation
Cardiac arrest
Cessation of circulation of blood due to ventricular standstill, or fibrillation
Circulatory arrest
In ability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus rhythm, possibly including a rapid or slow beat or skipping a beat ; also called dysrhythmia
Arrhythmia
Soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, possibly due to vibrations associated with the movement of blood, valvular action, or both ; also known as a murmur
Bruit
Any disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
Cardiomyopathy
Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
Coarctation
Calculation of how much blood a ventricle can eject with one contraction
Ejection fraction
Failure of the heart to supply in adequate amount of blood to tissues and organs
Heart failure
Quivering or spontaneous muscle contractions, especially of a heart, causing ineffectual contractions
Fibrillation
Arrest of bleeding or circulation
Hemostasis
Excessive amounts of lipids in the blood
Hyperlipidemia
Common disorder characterized by elevated blood pressure persistently exceeding 140 mmHg systolic or 90 mmHg diastolic
Hypertension
Hypertension in which there is no identifiable cause ; also called essential hypertension
Primary hypertension
Hypertension that results from an underlying, identifiable, commonly correctable cause
Secondary hypertension
Any heart disorder caused by prolonged hypertension, including left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery, disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and heart failure
Hypertensive heart disease
Implantable battery powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the heart
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
Area of tissue that undergoes necrosis, following cessation of blood supply
Infarct
Local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to circulation obstruction
Ischemia
Common and occasionally serious condition in which the leaflets of the mitral valve prolapse into the left atrium during system causing a characteristic murmur, heard on auscultation
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
Sensation that the heart is not beating normally, possibly including thumping, fluttering, skipped beats, or a pounding feeling in the chest
Palpitation
Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, allowing blood to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary artery
Patent ductus arteriosus
Circulation of blood through tissues or the passage of fluid through vessels of an organ
Perfusion
Congenital anomaly consisting of 4 elements:
1. Pulmonary artery stenosis.
2. Interventricular septal defect.
3. Transposition of the aorta, so that both ventricles empty into the aorta.
4. Right ventricular hypertrophy caused by increased workload of the right ventricle.
Tetralogy of Fallot
Slender or threadlike device used to hold open vessels, tubes, or an obstructed area
Stent
Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
Cardiac catheterization
ECG taken with a small portable recording system, capable of storing up to 24 hours of ECG tracings
Holter monitor test
Blood test that measures troponin T, troponin I, and creatinine kinase (CK-MB)
Cardiac enzyme studies
Series of tests used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
- Total cholesterol
- High density lipoprotein
- Low density lipoprotein
- Triglycerides
Lipid panel
Radiographic imaging of the heart and blood vessels, after injection of a contrast dye
Angiography
Angiography to determine the degree of obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart
Coronary angiography
Angiography in which 2 radiographic images are obtained, the first one without contrast material in the second one after a contrast material has been injected, and then, compared by a computer that digitally subtract the images of soft tissues, bones, and muscles, leaving only the image of vessels with contrast
Digital subtraction angiography
Radiological examination of the aorta and its branches, following injection of a contrast medium via a catheter
Aortography
Noninvasive diagnostic method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures, and produce images of the heart
Echocardiography
Noninvasive adaptation of ultrasound technology, in which blood flow velocity is assessed in different areas of the heart
Doppler ultrasound
Imaging technique that provides a graphic display of heart sounds and murmurs during the cardiac cycle
Phonocardiography
Injection of a chemical irritant into a vein, to reduce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein
Sclerotherapy
Radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect and complete filling of a vein which indicates obstruction
Venography
The procedure to restore normal rhythm of the heart by applying a controlled electrical shock to the exterior of the chest
Cardioversion
Technique used to block blood flow to a site by bypassing a catheter to the area and injecting a synthetic material or medication specially designed to include the blood vessel
Embolization
Procedure that alters a vessel through surgery or dilation of the vessel using a balloon catheter
Angioplasty
Removal of material from an occluded vessel, using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device
Atherectomy
Destruction of conduction tissue of the heart to interrupt the abnormal conduction pathway causing the arrhythmia, thus allowing normal heart rhythm to resume
Catheter ablation
Surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have a fused together at their commissures (touching points)
Commissurotomy
Procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins
Laser ablation
Tying a varicose vein, followed by removal of the affected segment
Ligation and stripping
Surgical procedure performed on, or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart-lung machine
Open heart surgery
Puncturing of the pericardium to remove excess fluid from the pericardial sac, or to test for protein, sugar, and enzymes for determine the causative organism of pericarditis
Pericardiocentesis
Incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening ; used in treating mitral stenosis
Valvotomy
Blood is connective tissue, composed of a liquid medium called ___________ in which solid components are suspended
Plasma
Protective protein, produced by B lymphocytes in response to presence of a foreign substance called an antigen
Antibody
Substance recognized as harmful to the host and stimulates formation of antibodies in and immunocompetent individual
Antigen
Substances derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin, produced by the liver, and excreted in the form of bile
Bile pigments
Chemical substances produced by certain cells, that initiate, inhibit, increase, or decreased activity in other cells
Cytokines
Organism that maintains or harbors, another organism
Host
Ability to develop an immune response, or ability to recognize antigens and respond to them
Immunocompetent
Specialized lymphocytes that kill abnormal cells by releasing chemicals that destroy the cell membrane, causing its intracellular fluid to leak out
Natural killer cells
Blood cells develop from an undifferentiated cell called a _______________
Stem cell
Immature RBC is called a _________________
Reticulocyte
Hemoglobin breaks down into an iron compound, called ______________ and several bile pigments
Hemosiderin
While red blood cells remain in the bloodstream, white blood cells migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules, and enter tissue spaces by a process called _______________
Diapedesis
