Microbiology Bacteriology Flashcards
What do all bacteria contain, (except one type: what is the exception)
- All bacteria (except Mycoplasma sp.) contain a selectively permeable plasma membrane surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell wall of differing thickness
-
Peptidoglycan is a cross-linked polysaccharide consisting of alternating N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine residues (NAG and NAM)
- Salivary lysozyme cleaves the glycosidic bonds of the peptidoglycan molecule
-
Peptidoglycan is a cross-linked polysaccharide consisting of alternating N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine residues (NAG and NAM)
- A gelatinous polysaccharide capsule surrounds the cell wall, which functions in virulence (prevents opsonization and phagocytosis), antigenicity, and bacterial adhesion
- All bacterial capsules are polysaccharides except that of Bacillus anthracis, which is a protein containing D-glutamate
Bacterial Genetic Exchange
Genetic information is exchanged between bacteria in three ways (conjugation, transduction, and transformation), creating genetic variability and antibiotic resistance
- Plasmids : Extrachromosomal DNA that replicates independently within bacteria. They determine traits not essential to their viability, but allow them to adapt (eg. antibiotic resistance)
-
Transposition : Transfer of DNA within a bacteria cell occurs via transposons , which are portions of DNA that “jump” from plasmid -> chromosome and vise versa
- Regardless of the mode of exchange, the DNA becomes integrated into the host cell chromosome by recombination
- Bacteria reproduces by binary fission , in which one parent cell divides into two progeny cells. Bacteria growth is thus exponential
Explain the three types of Bacterial Genetic Exchange
-
Transformation:
- DNA transfer by: Uptake of naked DNA
- DNA transfer from environment only a few natural transformers
- Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
-
Conjugation:
- Transfer largest amount of genetic information
- DNA transfer by: Conjugated tube (sex pilus)
- Bacterial DNA is transferred as a separate F plasmid (fertility factor):
- F+ cell -> F- cell (plasmid only)
- Or the F plasmid can be incorporated into the bacterial chromosome:
- Hfr cell -> F- cell (plasmid and chromosomal genes)
-
Transduction:
- DNA transfer by: Virus (bacteriophage)
- Can occur via lytic or lysogenic bacteriophage replication pathways
Bacterial Virulence Factors:
Mediators of Bacterial Adhesion/Attachment
- Capsule: Polysaccharide (except in Bacillus anthracis)
- Glycocalyx: Polysaccharide (allows adhesion to teeth, heart valves, catheters)
- Fimbriae/pili: Glycoproteins (shorter appendages)
- Adhesins: Surface proteins
Bacterial Virulence Factors:
Mediators of Evasion of Hoste Defenses
- Capsule: Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis
-
Surface Proteins:
- M protein: Prevents phagocytosis (from group A streptococci)
- Protein A: Prevents opsinization and phagocytosis (From Staph. aureus)
-
Enzymes:
- Coagulase: Promotes fibrin clot formation (staphylococcus species)
- IgA protease: Degrades IgA by cleaving Amino acids (from Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Neisseria sp)
- Leukocidins: Destroy polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages
Bacterial Virulence Factors:
Mediators of Host Tissue Destruction
- Enzymes
- Collagenases (metalloproteinases): Degrade collagen
- Hyaluronidase: Degrades hyaluronic acid
- Lecithinase: Hydrolyzes lecithin to destroy plasma membranes. Causes gas gangrene
- Streptodornase (DNase): Depolymerizes DNA
- Streptolysin O: Causes beta hemolysis (oxygen-labile)
- Streptolysin S: Causes beta hemolysis (oxygen-Stable)
- Pneumolysin: Causes beta-hemolysis
- Streptokinase: Activates plasminogen to dissolve clots
- Staphylokinase: Activates plasminogen to dissolve clots
- Exfoliatin : Epidermolytic protease that cleaves desmoglein. Causes scalded skin syndrom
- Toxins
-
Exotoxin
- Location: Outer cell wall in G+ and G-
- Structure: Polypeptides
- Toxicity: High
- Heat Stable: No
- Characteristics: Include enterotoxins (exotoxins affecting intestinal epithelial cells) and detected by ELISA
-
Endotoxin
- Location: Within cell wall in G- & Listeria
- Structure: LPS; Lipid A (toxic portion)
- Toxicity: Low
- Heat Stable: Yes
- Characteristics: Not secreted, but released when bacteria die
-
Exotoxin
Comparison of Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
What is acid fast stain?
-
Gram-Positive:
- Stain color: Purple
- Peptidoglycan wall: Thick
- Major wall constituent: Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)
- Periplasmic Space: no
- Endotoxin: No
-
Gram Negative:
- Stain color: Pink
- Peptidoglycan wall: Thin (2 lipid layers)
- Major wall constituent: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
- Periplasmic Space: yes
- Endotoxin: Yes
Acid Fast Stain: Mycobacteria sp:
- Mycobacteria cell walls contain mostly mycolic acid, and very little peptidoglycan
What are Gram + cocci
- Catalase +
- Catalase -
-
Catalase +
- Staphylococcus (Clusters)
-
Catalase -
- Streptococcus (chains)
After the catalase test on Gram + cocci, what further test breaks down Catalase + bacteria. What are the results
-
Coagulase +
- S.aureus
-
Coagulase -
- All the rest!!!
- S. epidermidis
- S. saprophyticus
- All the rest!!!
What are the further breakdowns of Catalase - bacteria?
-
(Catalase - = Streptococcus (chains)
- Can be further broken down into Hemolysis
-
Partial hemolysis (Green) = ALPHA (almost)
-
S. pneumoniae
- Capsule (+ quellung) optochin senesitive, bile soluble
- Viridan streptococci
- Eg. Strep mutans
- No capsule
- Optochin resistant, not bile soluble
-
S. pneumoniae
-
Complete hemolysis (Clear) = BETA (best)
- Further calassified by Lancefield groups which are determined by C carbohydrate composition of cell wall
- Group A
- S. pyogenes
- Bacitracin sensitive
- Also some Enterococcus
- Group B
- S. agalactiae
- Bacitracin resistant
-
No Hemolysis = GAMMA (Garbage)
- Enterococcus (E. faecatis)
- Peptostreptococcus (anaerobe)
- Group D Strep
Explain the basics of Streptococci Gram + bacteria and its species
Gram-Positive Cocci: Streptococci
- Grow in pairs or chains
- Many are part of the normal human flora
- Catalase -
-
Classified by lysis of erythrocytes (hemolysis) when plated on blood agar
- Alpha = almost (green), Beta = best (clear), Gamma = garbage (none)
- Beta-hemolytic Strep are further classified by Lancefield groups (Groups A, B, C, F, G, etc). Many Group D strep have since been reclassified as enterococci
- Lancefield group is determined by the C carbohydrate composition of the cell wall
Explain the basics of Staphylococci and the major species
Gram-Positive Cocci = Staphylococci
- Grow in grapelike clusters
- Produce pyogenic (suppurative) infections
- Catalase +: rids H2O2
What microorganism causes Meningitis, Otitis media (children), Pneumonia, Sinusitis
Strep. pneumoniae
(lancet-shaped diplococcus)
Alpha hemolysis
Major virulence Factors:
- Capsule
- Pneumolysin
- IgA protease
What microorganism causes caries and endocarditis?
Viridans group:
Strep. mutans
Strep. sanguis
Alpha hemolytic
Virulence: part of normal flora or oropharynx
What microorganism causes pyogenic infections, pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
strawberry-like rash
Strep. pyogenes
Beta hemolysis (group A)
Major virulence factors:
- M PROTEIN
- Hyaluronidase
- Streptokinase
- Erythrogenic toxin
- Streptolysin O and S
- Exotoxin A and B
What microorganism is the number one cause of neonatal pneumonia, as well as neonatal meningitis, neonatal sepsis
Strep. agalactiae
Beta hemolysis (Group B)
Major virulence factor:
- Capsule
What microorganism causes subacute endocarditis (associated with colon cancer)?
Strep. bovis
Gamma hemolytic (Group D)
Major Virulence Factor:
- Normal colon flora
What microorganism is associated with UTI and subacute endocarditis?
Enterococci:
E. faecalis
E. faecium
Gamma hemolysis (group D)
Major virulence factor:
- Normal colon flora
What content do spores contain that is ultimately killed by autoclaving
dipicolinic acid in their core
What microorganism causes the following diseases:
- Abscess
- Pneumonia
- Toxic shock syndrome
- Scalded skin syndrome
- Food poisoning (enterotoxin)
- MRSA
- Endocarditis
- Osteomyelitis
Staph. aureus
Coagulase +
Beta-hemolytic
Major virulence factors:
- Protein A
- beta-lactamase
- enterotoxin
- TSST
- Exfoliatin
- Hyaluronidase
- Staphylokinase
What microorganism causes:
- Infection of IV, catheters and prosthetic devices
Staph. epidermidis
Coagulase -
Gamma hemolytic
Major virulence factors:
- Normal skin flora
What microorganism causes:
- UTI
S. saprophyticus
Coagulase -
Gamma hemolytic
Major virulence factors:
- Normal vaginal flora
Name the spore-forming Gram Positive bacilli?
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium tetani
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium difficile
What microorganism is responsible for:
- cutaneous: black eschar (painless ulcer)
- Pulmonary: inhalation of spores
Bacillus anthracis
-> Causes anthrax
Gram + bacilli
O2 Req: Aerobic
Spore-forming
Major Virulence Factors:
- Anthrax toxin
- Polypeptide capsule (has D-glutamate)
What microorganism is responsible for food poisoning due to the ingestion of reheated grains and rice (Fried rice)
Bacillus cereus
Gram + bacilli
O2 req: Facultative
Spore-forming
Major virulence factor:
- Enterotoxin
What microorganism is responsible for the following symptoms
- CN/muscular paralysis
- Respiratory failure
- commonly caused by the ingestion of undercooked canned foods, fish, ham, pork
Clostridium botulinum
Gram + bacilli
O2 Req: Anaerobic
Spore-forming
Major virulence factors:
- Botulinum toxin (neurotoxin)
Most potent bacterial toxin
Botox derives from exotoxin A
What microorganism is responsible for the following symptoms:
- Associated with puncture wounds
- Spastic paralysis
- Trismus (lock jaw)
Clostridium tetani
Causes Tetanus
Gram + bacilli
O2 Req: Anaerobic
Spore-forming
Major virulence factors:
- Tetanus toxin (neurotoxin)
What microorganism causes the following diseases:
- Gas gangrene (necrotizing faciitis, myonecrosis)
- Food poisoning (injection of reheated meats)
Clostridium perfringens
Gram + bacilli
O2 req: Anaerobic
Spore-forming
Major virulence factors:
- Alpha toxin (lecithinase)
What microorganism causes pseudomembranous colitis
- often secondary to antibiotic use (clindamycin)
Clostridium difficile
Gram + bacilli
O2 Req: Anaerobic
Spore-forming
Major Virulence Factors:
- Exotoxin A and B
What microorganism causes:
- pseudomembranous pharyngitis (grayish-white membrane on tonsils)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Causes Diphtheria
(club-shaped)
Gram + bacilli
O2 req: Aerobic
Non-spore forming
Major Virulence Factor:
- Diphtheria toxin
What microorganism causes the following diseases:
- Neonatal meningitis (vaginal transmission during birth)
- Gastroenteritis (ingestion of unpasteurized milk/cheese and deli meats)
Listeria monocytogenes
(motile via actin rockets)
Gram + bacilli
O2 Req: Facultative
Non-spore forming
Major Virulence Factors:
Listeriolysin O endotoxin
What microorganism causes slow-growing, lumpy orofacial abscesses and is characteristic is a sulfur granule in colonies
Actinomyces israelii
Gram + bacilli
O2 Req: Anaerobic
Non-spore forming
Major Virulence Factor:
Normal oral flora
Name the microorganisms that are the major Gram - cocci
Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the best way to tell the difference between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the laboratory?
N. meningitidis = Maltose fermenter
N. gonorrhoeae = Maltose non-fermenter
Both are oxidase + glucose fermenters = AEROBIC
What are the major “Coccoid” rods microorganisms
Haemophilus influenzae (X + V factors)
Pasteurella - animal bites
Brucella - brucellosis
Bordetella pertussis - Dairy products, animals
What microorganism causes the following diseases: Meningitis (adolescents)
Waterhouse - Friderichsen syndrome
Neisseria meningitidis
(Vaccine, low prevalence, high mortality)
Gram - Cocci
O2 Req: Aerobic
Major Virulence Factors:
- Capsule
- Endotoxin (LPS)
- IgA protease
What organism causes the following symptoms and diseases:
- ” “ disease causes the following symptoms (Urethritis: burning sensation during urination, Female vaginal discharge, PID, Male: Epididymitis and symptoms start 2-10 days after intercourse)
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Neonatal conjunctivitis
- Septic arthritis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Causes Gonorrhea (STD)
(no vaccine, high prevalence, low mortality)
Gram - Cocci
O2 req: Aerobic
Major Virulence factors:
- Endotoxin (LOS)
- Fimbriae
- IgA protease
Name the microorganisms that make up the Enteric bacilli category of Gram - Bacteria
- Escherichia coli
- Salmonella sp
- Shigella sp
- Vibrio cholerae
- Campylobacter jejuni
- Helicobacter pylori
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Bacteroides sp.
Name the microorganism that causes the following disease:
- Enterocolitis
- Dysentery (Bloody diarrhea)
Shigella sp.
Gram - Bacilli
Enteric bacilli
O2 Req: Facultative
Major virulence factor:
- Enterotoxin
- Endotoxin
Name the microorganism that causes the following diseases:
- watery diarrhea
Vibrio cholerae (comma shaped)
Causes Cholera = watery diarrhea
Gram - Bacilli
Enteric bacilli
O2 Req: Facultative
Major Virulence Factors:
- Cholera toxin
- Enterotoxin
- Endotoxin
Name the microorganism that causes the following diseases:
- UTI
- Dysentery
- Traveler’s diarrhea
- Neonatal meningitis (#2)
- Septic shock
Escherichia coli
Gram - bacilli
Enteric bacilli
O2 Req: Facultative
Major virulence factors:
- Heat-labile toxin
- Enterotoxin
- Endotoxin
Name the microorganism that causes the following diseases:
- Enterocolitis (Trans: animals, eggs, poultry, pets)
- Typhoid fever (Septicemia -> Osteomyelitis; often in patients with sickle cell anemia)
Salmonella sp
Flagella
Gram - bacilli
Enteric bacilli
O2 Req: Facultative
Major Virulence Factors:
- Endotoxin
Name the microorganism that causes the following diseases:
- Enterocolitis (children)
Campylobacter jejuni (comma shaped)
Gram - bacilli
Enteric bacilli
O2 Req: Facultative
Major Virulence Factors:
- Enterotoxin
- Endotoxin
Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases:
- Gastritis
- Peptic ulcers
- Gastric carcinoma (association)
Helicobactor pylori
Gram - bacilli
Enteric bacilli
O2 Req: Facultative
Major Virulence Factor:
- Endotoxin
Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases:
- Pneumonia (cystic fibrosis)
- Sepsis (burn infection)
- External otitis (swimmer’s ear)
- UTI
- Diabetic osteomyelitis
PSEUDO
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(produces a blue-green pigment in culture)
Gram - Bacilli
Enteric Bacilli
O2 Req: Aerobic
Major Virulence Factors:
- Exotoxin A
- Endotoxin
Name the microorganism that causes the following diseases:
- Pneumonia (assoc. w/chronic respiratory disease, alcoholism, or diabetes)
- UTI (nosocomial)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Gram - bacilli
Enteric Bacilli
O2 Req: Facultative
Major Virulence Factor:
- Capsule
- Endotoxin
Name the following microorganism that causes the following disease:
- Abscess
- Periodontitis (associated)
Bacteroides sp
(ex. B. fragilis)
Gram - bacilli
Enteric bacilli
O2 Req: Anaerobic
Major Virulence Factors:
- Endotoxin
- Fimbriae
What are the main Gram - respiratory bacilli associated with respiratory tract infections
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Haemophilus aegypis
- Legionella pneumophila
- Bordetella pertussis
What are the main Gram - Zoonotic bacilli that are transmitted by animals?
- Brucella sp.
- Francisella tularensis
- Yersinia pestis
- Pasteurella multocida
Name the following microorganism that has the following diseases:
- Whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis
Causes Pertussis (Whooping cough)
Gram - bacilli
Respiratory bacilli
O2 Req: Aerobic
Major Virulence Factors:
- Pertussis toxin
- Tracheal cytotoxin
- Endotoxin
Name the following microorganism that is associated with the following diseases:
- Epiglottitis
- Meningitis (Children)
- Otitis media
- Pneumonia
EMOP
Haemophilus influenzae
Gram - Bacilli
Respiratory Bacilli
O2 Req: Facultative
Major Virulence Factors:
- Capsule
- Endotoxin
- IgA protease
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following disease symptoms:
- Pneumonia and fever
- Transmission: environmental water sources (Air conditioning)
- Patients tend to be older, smokers, and alcoholics
Legionella pneumophilia
Causes Legionnaire’s disease
Silver stain > gram stain
Gram - Bacilli
Respiratory Bacilli
O2 Req: Facultative
Major Virulence Factors:
- Endotoxin
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases:
- Acute conjuntivitis (pink eye)
(transmission: hand to hand contact) - Brazilian purpuric fever
Haemophilus aegyptius
(Koch-Weeks bacillus)
Gram - Bacilli
Respiratory Bacilli
O2 Req: Facultative
Major Virulence Factors:
- Endotoxin (LOS)
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases:
- undulant fever
(Transmission: dairy products; contact with animals - Goats, sheep, pigs, cattle)
Brucella sp
Causes Brucellosis (Undulant fever)
Gram - Bacilli
Zoonotic bacilli
O2 Req: Facultative
Major Virulence factors:
- Endotoxin
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following disease transmission pathways:
- Transmission: Ticks; contact with wild animals (rabbits, deer)
Francisella tularensis
Causes Tularemia
Gram - Bacilli
Zoonotic Bacilli
O2 Req: Facultative
Major Virulence Factor:
- Endotoxin
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases:
- Cellulits
(Transmission: animal bites (cats, dogs))
Pasteurella multocida
Gram - bacilli
Zoonotic bacilli
O2 req: Facultative
Major virulence factors:
- Endotoxin
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases:
- Plague
(Transmission: Fleas, rodents - prairie dogs, rats)
Yersinia pestis
Gram - bacilli
Zoonotic bacilli
O2 Req: Facultative
Virulence Factors:
- Exotoxin
- Endotoxin
- F-1, V and W antigens
Describe the characteristics of Mycobacteria
and what are the types of mycobacteria organisms
- Characteristics
- Aerobic, nonmotile bacilli
- Cell wall constituents
- Peptidoglycan: Prevents osmotic lysis
- Mycolic acid : impedes chemical entry; resists phagocytosis. waxy coating
- Surface proteins: adhesins
- Periplasm: contains enzymes for nutrient breakdown
- Stain with ACID FAST STAIN (carbolfuchsin): Red against blue background
- Types:
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium leprae
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases:
- Tuberculoid type: cell-mediated immune response and granulomas in nerves
- Lepromatous type: foam cells containing bacteria in skin
Mycobacterium leprae
Causes Leprosy
Mycobacteria species
Major Virulence Factors:
- Lepromin proteins
Characteristics:
- Reservoir in US: armadillos
Treatment: dapsone, rifampin
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following disease symptoms:
- Fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes Tuberculosis
- Symptoms: Fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis
- 1 deg TB: granulomatous lesions and hilar lymphadenopathy (Ghon complex) in lungs
- 2 deg TB: Caseous granulomas which may lead to miliary or disseminated infection
-
Major Virulence Factors
- Cord factor
- Tuberculoproteins
-
Characteristics:
- Inhalation of airborne droplets
- Treatment: rifampin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide
-
PPD skin test elicits type IV Delayed hypersensitivity rxn
- PPD + = current infection, past exposure, or BCG vaccinated
Describe the following other types of bacteria often discussed:
- Mycoplasma sp
- Chlamydia sp
- Rickettsia sp
- Spirochetes
- Mycoplasma sp: lack a cell wall
- Chlamydia sp: Obligate intracellular bacteria (cannot make own ATP)
- Rickettsia sp: Obligate intracellular bacteria (need host CoA and NAD+)
- Spirochetes: Spiral-shaped
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases:
- Atypical “walking” pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Wall-less bacteria
Characteristics:
- Smallest bacterium
- No cell wall; cell membrane contains cholesterol
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following disease symptoms:
- First disease symptoms:
(Chronic infections, inclusion conjunctivitis (IC), blindness)
- Second disease symptoms:
(Urethritis/PID, Neonatal conjunctivitis)
Chlamydia trachomatis
Obligate intracellular bacteria
Characteristics:
- Cannot make its own ATP
- Cell wall lacks muramic acid
- Forms cytoplasmic inclusions
- Most common cause of preventable blindness (can be contracted in a swimming pool)
- Most common cause of STD’s
Diseases:
- Trachoma = blindness, Chronic infections, inclusion conjunctivitis (IC)
- chlamydia (STI) = Urethritis/PID, Neonatal conjunctivitis
Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases:
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia rickettsii
Obligate intracellular bacteria
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Rash: palms and soles
Characteristics:
- Need host CoA and NAD+
- Causes Vasculitis, headache, fever
- Positive Weil-Felix reaction
- Transmission: ticks
Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases:
Epidemic typhus
Rickettsia prowazekii
Epidemic typhus
Rash: central -> peripheral (no palms/soles)
Characteristics:
- Need host CoA and NAD+
- Causes Vasculitis, headache, fever
- Positive Weil-Felix reaction
- Transmission: Lice
Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases:
- Q fever (pneumonia)
Coxiella burnetii
Q fever (pneumonia)
Obligate intracellular bacteria
Characteristics:
- An atypical rickettsia
- Need hose CoA and NAD+
- Negative Weil-Felix rxn
- Transmission: inhaled aerosols
Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases:
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
Syphilis
Spirochetes
Disease:
- 1 deg: Painless chancre (ulcer) at site of local contact
- 2 deg: Highly infectious maculopapular rash, condylomata lata, mucous patch
- 3 deg: Gumma (granulomas) often on tongue or palate; neurosyphilis; Argyll-robertson pupil
Characteristics:
- Visualized by dark-field microscopy
- Congenital syphilis: CN VII deafness, Hutchinson’s incisors, mulberry molars
- Treatment: penicillin
Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases:
Lyme disease
Borrelia burdorferi
Lyme disease
Spirochetes
Disease:
- Stage 1: Erythema migrans (“bull’s eye” rash)
- Stage 2: Neuropathies (Bell’s palsy)
- Stage 3: Arthritis and CNS disease
Characteristics:
- Visualized using aniline dyes (Wright’s or Giemsa stain) with light microscopy
- Transmission: Ticks (required deer)
- Most often occur in CT, NY, PA, NJ
- Treatment: doxycycline
What is the common cause of sepsis?
Commonly caused by Staph. aureus, Klebsiella sp. and E. coli
- Note: Sepsis = infection of the bloodstream by toxin-producing bacteria with common signs of fever, fatigue, nausea, chills, and diarrhea
Ludwig’s Angina
a rapidly occurring cellulitis involving the submandibular, sublingual and submental fascial spaces, bilaterally. Because it can cause airway obstruction, emergency treatment is critical
