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NBDE Part 1 > Microbiology Bacteriology > Flashcards

Microbiology Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

What do all bacteria contain, (except one type: what is the exception)

A
  • All bacteria (except Mycoplasma sp.) contain a selectively permeable plasma membrane surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell wall of differing thickness
    • Peptidoglycan is a cross-linked polysaccharide consisting of alternating N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine residues (NAG and NAM)
      • Salivary lysozyme cleaves the glycosidic bonds of the peptidoglycan molecule
  • A gelatinous polysaccharide capsule surrounds the cell wall, which functions in virulence (prevents opsonization and phagocytosis), antigenicity, and bacterial adhesion
    • All bacterial capsules are polysaccharides except that of Bacillus anthracis, which is a protein containing D-glutamate
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2
Q

Bacterial Genetic Exchange

A

Genetic information is exchanged between bacteria in three ways (conjugation, transduction, and transformation), creating genetic variability and antibiotic resistance

  • Plasmids : Extrachromosomal DNA that replicates independently within bacteria. They determine traits not essential to their viability, but allow them to adapt (eg. antibiotic resistance)
  • Transposition : Transfer of DNA within a bacteria cell occurs via transposons , which are portions of DNA that “jump” from plasmid -> chromosome and vise versa
    • Regardless of the mode of exchange, the DNA becomes integrated into the host cell chromosome by recombination
  • Bacteria reproduces by binary fission , in which one parent cell divides into two progeny cells. Bacteria growth is thus exponential
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3
Q

Explain the three types of Bacterial Genetic Exchange

A
  • Transformation:
    • DNA transfer by: Uptake of naked DNA
    • DNA transfer from environment only a few natural transformers
      • Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • Conjugation:
    • Transfer largest amount of genetic information
    • DNA transfer by: Conjugated tube (sex pilus)
    • Bacterial DNA is transferred as a separate F plasmid (fertility factor):
      • F+ cell -> F- cell (plasmid only)
    • Or the F plasmid can be incorporated into the bacterial chromosome:
      • Hfr cell -> F- cell (plasmid and chromosomal genes)
  • Transduction:
    • DNA transfer by: Virus (bacteriophage)
    • Can occur via lytic or lysogenic bacteriophage replication pathways
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4
Q

Bacterial Virulence Factors:

Mediators of Bacterial Adhesion/Attachment

A
  • Capsule: Polysaccharide (except in Bacillus anthracis)
  • Glycocalyx: Polysaccharide (allows adhesion to teeth, heart valves, catheters)
  • Fimbriae/pili: Glycoproteins (shorter appendages)
  • Adhesins: Surface proteins
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5
Q

Bacterial Virulence Factors:

Mediators of Evasion of Hoste Defenses

A
  • Capsule: Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis
  • Surface Proteins:
    • M protein: Prevents phagocytosis (from group A streptococci)
    • Protein A: Prevents opsinization and phagocytosis (From Staph. aureus)
  • Enzymes:
    • Coagulase: Promotes fibrin clot formation (staphylococcus species)
    • IgA protease: Degrades IgA by cleaving Amino acids (from Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Neisseria sp)
    • Leukocidins: Destroy polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages
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6
Q

Bacterial Virulence Factors:

Mediators of Host Tissue Destruction

A
  • Enzymes
    • Collagenases (metalloproteinases): Degrade collagen
    • Hyaluronidase: Degrades hyaluronic acid
    • Lecithinase: Hydrolyzes lecithin to destroy plasma membranes. Causes gas gangrene
    • Streptodornase (DNase): Depolymerizes DNA
    • Streptolysin O: Causes beta hemolysis (oxygen-labile)
    • Streptolysin S: Causes beta hemolysis (oxygen-Stable)
    • Pneumolysin: Causes beta-hemolysis
    • Streptokinase: Activates plasminogen to dissolve clots
    • Staphylokinase: Activates plasminogen to dissolve clots
    • Exfoliatin : Epidermolytic protease that cleaves desmoglein. Causes scalded skin syndrom
  • Toxins
    • Exotoxin
      • Location: Outer cell wall in G+ and G-
      • Structure: Polypeptides
      • Toxicity: High
      • Heat Stable: No
      • Characteristics: Include enterotoxins (exotoxins affecting intestinal epithelial cells) and detected by ELISA
    • Endotoxin
      • Location: Within cell wall in G- & Listeria
      • Structure: LPS; Lipid A (toxic portion)
      • Toxicity: Low
      • Heat Stable: Yes
      • Characteristics: Not secreted, but released when bacteria die
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7
Q

Comparison of Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

What is acid fast stain?

A
  • Gram-Positive:
    • Stain color: Purple
    • Peptidoglycan wall: Thick
    • Major wall constituent: Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)
    • Periplasmic Space: no
    • Endotoxin: No
  • Gram Negative:
    • Stain color: Pink
    • Peptidoglycan wall: Thin (2 lipid layers)
    • Major wall constituent: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
    • Periplasmic Space: yes
    • Endotoxin: Yes

Acid Fast Stain: Mycobacteria sp:

  • Mycobacteria cell walls contain mostly mycolic acid, and very little peptidoglycan
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8
Q

What are Gram + cocci

  • Catalase +
  • Catalase -
A
  • Catalase +
    • ​​Staphylococcus (Clusters)
  • Catalase -
    • ​​Streptococcus (chains)
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9
Q

After the catalase test on Gram + cocci, what further test breaks down Catalase + bacteria. What are the results

A
  • Coagulase +
    • S.aureus
  • Coagulase -
    • All the rest!!!
      • S. epidermidis
      • S. saprophyticus
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10
Q

What are the further breakdowns of Catalase - bacteria?

A
  • (Catalase - = Streptococcus (chains)
    • Can be further broken down into Hemolysis
  • Partial hemolysis (Green) = ALPHA (almost)
    • S. pneumoniae
      • Capsule (+ quellung) optochin senesitive, bile soluble
    • Viridan streptococci
      • Eg. Strep mutans
      • No capsule
      • Optochin resistant, not bile soluble
  • Complete hemolysis (Clear) = BETA (best)
    • Further calassified by Lancefield groups which are determined by C carbohydrate composition of cell wall
    • Group A
      • S. pyogenes
      • Bacitracin sensitive
        • Also some Enterococcus
    • Group B
      • S. agalactiae
      • Bacitracin resistant
  • No Hemolysis = GAMMA (Garbage)
    • Enterococcus (E. faecatis)
    • Peptostreptococcus (anaerobe)
      • Group D Strep
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11
Q

Explain the basics of Streptococci Gram + bacteria and its species

A

Gram-Positive Cocci: Streptococci

  • Grow in pairs or chains
  • Many are part of the normal human flora
  • Catalase -
  • Classified by lysis of erythrocytes (hemolysis) when plated on blood agar
    • Alpha = almost (green), Beta = best (clear), Gamma = garbage (none)
  • Beta-hemolytic Strep are further classified by Lancefield groups (Groups A, B, C, F, G, etc). Many Group D strep have since been reclassified as enterococci
    • Lancefield group is determined by the C carbohydrate composition of the cell wall
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12
Q

Explain the basics of Staphylococci and the major species

A

Gram-Positive Cocci = Staphylococci

  • Grow in grapelike clusters
  • Produce pyogenic (suppurative) infections
  • Catalase +: rids H2O2
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13
Q

What microorganism causes Meningitis, Otitis media (children), Pneumonia, Sinusitis

A

Strep. pneumoniae

(lancet-shaped diplococcus)

Alpha hemolysis

Major virulence Factors:

  • Capsule
  • Pneumolysin
  • IgA protease
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14
Q

What microorganism causes caries and endocarditis?

A

Viridans group:

Strep. mutans

Strep. sanguis

Alpha hemolytic

Virulence: part of normal flora or oropharynx

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15
Q

What microorganism causes pyogenic infections, pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

strawberry-like rash

A

Strep. pyogenes

Beta hemolysis (group A)

Major virulence factors:

  • M PROTEIN
  • Hyaluronidase
  • Streptokinase
  • Erythrogenic toxin
  • Streptolysin O and S
  • Exotoxin A and B
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16
Q

What microorganism is the number one cause of neonatal pneumonia, as well as neonatal meningitis, neonatal sepsis

A

Strep. agalactiae

Beta hemolysis (Group B)

Major virulence factor:

  • Capsule
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17
Q

What microorganism causes subacute endocarditis (associated with colon cancer)?

A

Strep. bovis

Gamma hemolytic (Group D)

Major Virulence Factor:

  • Normal colon flora
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18
Q

What microorganism is associated with UTI and subacute endocarditis?

A

Enterococci:

E. faecalis

E. faecium

Gamma hemolysis (group D)

Major virulence factor:

  • Normal colon flora
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19
Q

What content do spores contain that is ultimately killed by autoclaving

A

dipicolinic acid in their core

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20
Q

What microorganism causes the following diseases:

  • Abscess
  • Pneumonia

- Toxic shock syndrome

- Scalded skin syndrome

  • Food poisoning (enterotoxin)
  • MRSA
  • Endocarditis
  • Osteomyelitis
A

Staph. aureus

Coagulase +

Beta-hemolytic

Major virulence factors:

  • Protein A

- beta-lactamase

- enterotoxin

  • TSST
  • Exfoliatin
  • Hyaluronidase
  • Staphylokinase
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21
Q

What microorganism causes:

  • Infection of IV, catheters and prosthetic devices
A

Staph. epidermidis

Coagulase -

Gamma hemolytic

Major virulence factors:

  • Normal skin flora
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22
Q

What microorganism causes:

  • UTI
A

S. saprophyticus

Coagulase -

Gamma hemolytic

Major virulence factors:

  • Normal vaginal flora
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23
Q

Name the spore-forming Gram Positive bacilli?

A
  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Bacillus cereus
  • Clostridium botulinum
  • Clostridium tetani
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Clostridium difficile
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24
Q

What microorganism is responsible for:

  • cutaneous: black eschar (painless ulcer)
  • Pulmonary: inhalation of spores
A

Bacillus anthracis

-> Causes anthrax

Gram + bacilli

O2 Req: Aerobic

Spore-forming

Major Virulence Factors:

  • Anthrax toxin
  • Polypeptide capsule (has D-glutamate)
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25
What microorganism is responsible for food poisoning due to the ingestion of reheated grains and rice (Fried rice)
**Bacillus cereus** Gram + bacilli O2 req: Facultative Spore-forming _Major virulence factor:_ - Enterotoxin
26
What microorganism is responsible for the following symptoms - CN/muscular paralysis - Respiratory failure - commonly caused by the ingestion of undercooked canned foods, fish, ham, pork
**Clostridium botulinum** Gram + bacilli O2 Req: Anaerobic Spore-forming _Major virulence factors:_ - Botulinum toxin (neurotoxin) Most potent bacterial toxin Botox derives from exotoxin A
27
What microorganism is responsible for the following symptoms: - Associated with puncture wounds - Spastic paralysis - Trismus (lock jaw)
**Clostridium tetani** Causes **Tetanus** Gram + bacilli O2 Req: Anaerobic Spore-forming _Major virulence factors:_ - Tetanus toxin (neurotoxin)
28
What microorganism causes the following diseases: - **Gas gangrene** (necrotizing faciitis, myonecrosis) - **Food poisoning** (injection of reheated **meats**)
**Clostridium perfringens** Gram + bacilli O2 req: Anaerobic Spore-forming _Major virulence factors:_ - Alpha toxin (lecithinase)
29
What microorganism causes pseudomembranous colitis - often secondary to antibiotic use (clindamycin)
**Clostridium difficile** Gram + bacilli O2 Req: Anaerobic Spore-forming _Major Virulence Factors:_ - Exotoxin A and B
30
What microorganism causes: - pseudomembranous pharyngitis (grayish-white membrane on tonsils)
**Corynebacterium diphtheriae** Causes **Diphtheria** (club-shaped) Gram + bacilli O2 req: Aerobic Non-spore forming _Major Virulence Factor:_ - Diphtheria toxin
31
What microorganism causes the following diseases: - **Neonatal meningitis** (vaginal transmission during birth) - **Gastroenteritis** (ingestion of unpasteurized milk/cheese and deli meats)
**Listeria monocytogenes** (motile via actin rockets) Gram + bacilli O2 Req: Facultative Non-spore forming _Major Virulence Factors:_ Listeriolysin O endotoxin
32
What microorganism causes slow-growing, lumpy orofacial abscesses and is characteristic is a **sulfur granule** in colonies
**Actinomyces israelii** Gram + bacilli O2 Req: Anaerobic Non-spore forming _Major Virulence Factor:_ Normal oral flora
33
Name the microorganisms that are the major Gram - cocci
Neisseria meningitidis Neisseria gonorrhoeae
34
What is the best way to tell the difference between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the laboratory?
N. meningitidis = Maltose fermenter N. gonorrhoeae = Maltose non-fermenter Both are oxidase + glucose fermenters = **AEROBIC**
35
What are the major "Coccoid" rods microorganisms
**Haemophilus influenzae** (X + V factors) Pasteurella - animal bites Brucella - brucellosis **Bordetella pertussis** - Dairy products, animals
36
What microorganism causes the following diseases: **Meningitis** (adolescents) Waterhouse - Friderichsen syndrome
***_Neisseria_*** ***_meningitidis_*** (**Vaccine, low prevalence, high mortality**) Gram - Cocci O2 Req: Aerobic _Major Virulence Factors:_ - Capsule - Endotoxin (LPS) - IgA protease
37
What organism causes the following symptoms and diseases: * " " disease causes the following symptoms (Urethritis: burning sensation during urination, Female vaginal discharge, PID, Male: Epididymitis and symptoms start 2-10 days after intercourse) * Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) * Neonatal conjunctivitis * Septic arthritis
***_Neisseria gonorrhoeae_*** Causes **Gonorrhea (STD)** **(no vaccine, high prevalence, low mortality)** Gram - Cocci O2 req: Aerobic _Major Virulence factors:_ - Endotoxin (LOS) - Fimbriae - IgA protease
38
Name the microorganisms that make up the Enteric bacilli category of Gram - Bacteria
* Escherichia coli * Salmonella sp * Shigella sp * Vibrio cholerae * Campylobacter jejuni * Helicobacter pylori * Klebsiella pneumoniae * Pseudomonas aeruginosa * Bacteroides sp.
39
Name the microorganism that causes the following disease: - Enterocolitis - Dysentery (Bloody diarrhea)
**Shigella sp**. Gram - Bacilli Enteric bacilli O2 Req: Facultative _Major virulence factor:_ - Enterotoxin - Endotoxin
40
Name the microorganism that causes the following diseases: - watery diarrhea
**Vibrio cholerae** (comma shaped) Causes **Cholera** = watery diarrhea Gram - Bacilli Enteric bacilli O2 Req: Facultative _Major Virulence Factors:_ - Cholera toxin - Enterotoxin - Endotoxin
41
Name the microorganism that causes the following diseases: - UTI - Dysentery - Traveler's diarrhea - Neonatal meningitis (#2) - Septic shock
**Escherichia coli** Gram - bacilli Enteric bacilli O2 Req: Facultative _Major virulence factors:_ - Heat-labile toxin - Enterotoxin - Endotoxin
42
Name the microorganism that causes the following diseases: - **Enterocolitis** (Trans: animals, eggs, poultry, pets) - **Typhoid fever** (Septicemia -\> Osteomyelitis; often in patients with sickle cell anemia)
**Salmonella sp** Flagella Gram - bacilli Enteric bacilli O2 Req: Facultative _Major Virulence Factors:_ - Endotoxin
43
Name the microorganism that causes the following diseases: - Enterocolitis (children)
**Campylobacter** **jejuni** (comma shaped) Gram - bacilli Enteric bacilli O2 Req: Facultative _Major Virulence Factors:_ - Enterotoxin - Endotoxin
44
Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases: - Gastritis - Peptic ulcers - Gastric carcinoma (association)
**Helicobactor pylori** Gram - bacilli Enteric bacilli O2 Req: Facultative _Major Virulence Factor:_ - Endotoxin
45
Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases: - **P**neumonia (cystic fibrosis) - **S**epsis (burn infection) **- E**xternal otitis (swimmer's ear) - **U**TI - **D**iabetic **o**steomyelitis **PSEUDO**
**_Pseudomonas aeruginosa_** (produces a blue-green pigment in culture) Gram - Bacilli Enteric Bacilli O2 Req: Aerobic _Major Virulence Factors:_ - Exotoxin A - Endotoxin
46
Name the microorganism that causes the following diseases: - **Pneumonia** (assoc. w/chronic respiratory disease, alcoholism, or diabetes) - **UTI** (nosocomial)
**Klebsiella pneumoniae** Gram - bacilli Enteric Bacilli O2 Req: Facultative _Major Virulence Factor:_ - Capsule - Endotoxin
47
Name the following microorganism that causes the following disease: - Abscess - Periodontitis (associated)
**Bacteroides sp** (ex. B. fragilis) Gram - bacilli Enteric bacilli O2 Req: Anaerobic _Major Virulence Factors:_ - Endotoxin - Fimbriae
48
What are the main Gram - respiratory bacilli associated with respiratory tract infections
* Haemophilus influenzae * Haemophilus aegypis * Legionella pneumophila * Bordetella pertussis
49
What are the main Gram - Zoonotic bacilli that are transmitted by animals?
* Brucella sp. * Francisella tularensis * Yersinia pestis * Pasteurella multocida
50
Name the following microorganism that has the following diseases: - Whooping cough
**Bordetella pertussis** Causes **Pertussis** (Whooping cough) Gram - bacilli Respiratory bacilli O2 Req: Aerobic _Major Virulence Factors:_ - Pertussis toxin - Tracheal cytotoxin - Endotoxin
51
Name the following microorganism that is associated with the following diseases: - **E**piglottitis - **M**eningitis (Children) - **O**titis media - **P**neumonia **EMOP**
**Haemophilus** **influenzae** Gram - Bacilli Respiratory Bacilli O2 Req: Facultative _Major Virulence Factors:_ - Capsule - Endotoxin - IgA protease
52
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following disease symptoms: - Pneumonia and fever - Transmission: environmental water sources (Air conditioning) - Patients tend to be older, smokers, and alcoholics
**Legionella pneumophilia** Causes **Legionnaire's disease** Silver stain \> gram stain Gram - Bacilli Respiratory Bacilli O2 Req: Facultative _Major Virulence Factors:_ - Endotoxin
53
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases: - Acute conjuntivitis (pink eye) (transmission: hand to hand contact) - Brazilian purpuric fever
**Haemophilus** **aegyptius** (Koch-Weeks bacillus) Gram - Bacilli Respiratory Bacilli O2 Req: Facultative _Major Virulence Factors:_ - Endotoxin (LOS)
54
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases: - undulant fever (Transmission: dairy products; contact with animals - Goats, sheep, pigs, cattle)
**Brucella sp** Causes **Brucellosis** (Undulant fever) Gram - Bacilli Zoonotic bacilli O2 Req: Facultative _Major Virulence factors:_ - Endotoxin
55
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following disease transmission pathways: - Transmission: Ticks; contact with wild animals (rabbits, deer)
**Francisella tularensis** Causes **Tularemia** Gram - Bacilli Zoonotic Bacilli O2 Req: Facultative _Major Virulence Factor:_ - Endotoxin
56
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases: - **Cellulits** (Transmission: animal bites (cats, dogs))
**Pasteurella multocida** Gram - bacilli Zoonotic bacilli O2 req: Facultative _Major virulence factors:_ - Endotoxin
57
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases: - **Plague** (Transmission: Fleas, rodents - prairie dogs, rats)
**Yersinia pestis** Gram - bacilli Zoonotic bacilli O2 Req: Facultative _Virulence Factors:_ - Exotoxin - Endotoxin - F-1, V and W antigens
58
Describe the characteristics of Mycobacteria and what are the types of mycobacteria organisms
* Characteristics * Aerobic, nonmotile bacilli * Cell wall constituents * Peptidoglycan: Prevents osmotic lysis * **Mycolic acid** : impedes chemical entry; resists phagocytosis. **waxy** coating * Surface proteins: adhesins * Periplasm: contains enzymes for nutrient breakdown * Stain with ***_ACID FAST STAIN_*** (carbolfuchsin): Red against blue background * Types: * Mycobacterium tuberculosis * Mycobacterium leprae
59
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases: - **_Tuberculoid type:_** cell-mediated immune response and granulomas in nerves - **_Lepromatous type:_** foam cells containing bacteria in skin
***_Mycobacterium leprae_*** Causes **Leprosy** Mycobacteria species _Major Virulence Factors:_ - Lepromin proteins _Characteristics:_ - Reservoir in US: armadillos Treatment: dapsone, rifampin
60
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following disease symptoms: - Fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis
***_Mycobacterium tuberculosis_*** Causes **Tuberculosis** * Symptoms: Fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis * **_1 deg TB_**: granulomatous lesions and hilar lymphadenopathy (**Ghon complex**) in lungs * **_2 deg TB:_** Caseous granulomas which may lead to miliary or disseminated infection * _Major Virulence Factors_ * Cord factor * Tuberculoproteins * _Characteristics:_ * Inhalation of airborne droplets * Treatment: rifampin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide * **PPD skin test** elicits type IV Delayed hypersensitivity rxn * PPD + = current infection, past exposure, or BCG vaccinated
61
Describe the following other types of bacteria often discussed: - Mycoplasma sp - Chlamydia sp - Rickettsia sp - Spirochetes
* **Mycoplasma sp:** lack a cell wall * **Chlamydia sp**: Obligate intracellular bacteria (cannot make own ATP) * **Rickettsia sp**: Obligate intracellular bacteria (need host CoA and NAD+) * **Spirochetes**: Spiral-shaped
62
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following diseases: - Atypical "walking" pneumonia
***_Mycoplasma_*** ***_pneumoniae_*** Wall-less bacteria Characteristics: * **Smallest bacterium** * No cell wall; cell membrane contains **cholesterol**
63
Name the following microorganism that is responsible for the following disease symptoms: - First disease symptoms: (Chronic infections, inclusion conjunctivitis (IC), **blindness**) - Second disease symptoms: (Urethritis/PID, Neonatal conjunctivitis)
**_Chlamydia trachomatis_** Obligate intracellular bacteria Characteristics: * **Cannot make its own ATP** * Cell wall lacks muramic acid * Forms cytoplasmic inclusions * Most common cause of **preventable blindness** (can be contracted in a swimming pool) * Most common cause of STD's Diseases: * **Trachoma = blindness,** Chronic infections, inclusion conjunctivitis (IC) * **chlamydia (STI) =** Urethritis/PID, Neonatal conjunctivitis​
64
Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases: - Rocky Mountain spotted fever
***_Rickettsia_*** ***_rickettsii_*** Obligate intracellular bacteria **Rocky mountain spotted fever** Rash: palms and soles Characteristics: * Need host CoA and NAD+ * Causes Vasculitis, headache, fever * Positive Weil-Felix reaction * Transmission: ticks
65
Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases: ## Footnote **Epidemic typhus**
***_Rickettsia_*** ***_prowazekii_*** **Epidemic typhus** Rash: central -\> peripheral (no palms/soles) Characteristics: * Need host CoA and NAD+ * Causes Vasculitis, headache, fever * Positive Weil-Felix reaction * Transmission: **Lice**
66
Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases: - Q fever (pneumonia)
***_Coxiella burnetii_*** **Q fever** (pneumonia) Obligate intracellular bacteria Characteristics: * An atypical rickettsia * Need hose CoA and NAD+ * Negative Weil-Felix rxn * Transmission: inhaled aerosols
67
Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases: ## Footnote **Syphilis**
***_Treponema pallidum_*** **Syphilis** Spirochetes Disease: * **_1 deg_**: Painless chancre (ulcer) at site of local contact * **_2 deg:_** Highly infectious maculopapular rash, condylomata lata, mucous patch * **_3 deg_**: Gumma (granulomas) often on tongue or palate; neurosyphilis; Argyll-robertson pupil Characteristics: * Visualized by dark-field microscopy * ***_Congenital syphilis: CN VII deafness, Hutchinson's incisors, mulberry molars_*** * Treatment: penicillin
68
Name the following microorganism that causes the following diseases: ## Footnote **Lyme disease**
***_Borrelia_*** ***_burdorferi_*** **Lyme disease** Spirochetes Disease: * **_Stage 1:_** Erythema migrans ("bull's eye" rash) * **_Stage 2_**: Neuropathies (Bell's palsy) * **_Stage 3_**: Arthritis and CNS disease Characteristics: * Visualized using aniline dyes (Wright's or Giemsa stain) with light microscopy * Transmission: **Ticks** (required deer) * Most often occur in CT, NY, PA, NJ * Treatment: doxycycline
69
What is the common cause of sepsis?
Commonly caused by Staph. aureus, Klebsiella sp. and E. coli - Note: Sepsis = infection of the bloodstream by toxin-producing bacteria with common signs of fever, fatigue, nausea, chills, and diarrhea
70
Ludwig's Angina
a rapidly occurring cellulitis involving the submandibular, sublingual and submental fascial spaces, bilaterally. Because it can cause airway obstruction, emergency treatment is critical

NBDE Part 1 (7 decks)

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