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Microbiology and Parasitology > Microbiology and Parasitology Lecture (L7-9) > Flashcards

Microbiology and Parasitology Lecture (L7-9) Flashcards

1
Q

is the study of the vital life
processes of organisms

A

Physiology

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2
Q

concerns the vital life
processes of microorganisms.

A

Microbial physiology

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3
Q
  • ideally suited- inexpensive to maintain, take up little space and
    reproduce quickly (E. coli)
A

Bacteria

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4
Q

All living protoplasm contains six major
chemical elements:

A

carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

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5
Q

Other elements, usually required in lesser
amounts, include :

A

sodium, potassium,
chlorine, magnesium, calcium, iron, iodine,
and some trace elements.

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6
Q

All microbes have a need for three things:

A

carbon, energy, and electrons
(other nutrients).

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7
Q

refers to all the
biochemical reactions that
occur in a cell or organism.

A

Metabolism

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8
Q

a protein that either causes a particular chemical reaction to occur or
accelerates it.

A

Biologic catalyst

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9
Q
  • Remain within the cell that
    produced them
  • Digestive enzymes of
    Phagocytes
A

Endoenzymes

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10
Q
  • Leave the cell to catalyze rxns
    outside the cell
  • Cellulase and pectinase, which
    are secreted by saprophytic
    fungi to digest cellulose and pectin.
A

Exoenzymes

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11
Q

-cannot, on their
own, catalyze a chemical reaction.
- must link up with a cofactor to catalyze a chemical reaction.

A

Apoenzymes

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12
Q

reactions that “break down”
molecules requiring the breaking of bonds. Major E source

A

Catabolic

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13
Q

reactions that build new
molecules requiring the formation of
bonds.

A

Anabolic

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14
Q

is a series of linked
biochemical reactions that occur in a stepwise
manner, leading from a starting material to an
end product

A

biochemical pathway

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15
Q

produced during glycolysis are converted into acetyl-CoA molecules which
then enter The CAC.

A

Pyruvic acid

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16
Q

the study of
heredity

A

Genetics

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17
Q

-the study of the mechanisms of heritable information in bacteria, their chromosomes, plasmids, transposons and
phages.
-The entire genetic content of a cell is its genome.

A

Bacterial Genetics

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18
Q
  • Complete collection of genes
  • The genetic material passed between generations.
A

Genotype

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19
Q
  • All its physical traits, attributes
    or characteristics
  • Manifestation of genotype
A

Phenotype

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20
Q
  • Actively expressed all the time
  • ribosomes are constantly
    needed for protein synthesis
A

Constitutive Genes

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21
Q
  • Expressed only when needed
  • the glucose transporter proteins that muscle cells produce in response to insulin
A

Inducible Genes

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22
Q

beneficial, harmful, silent
A change in the characteristics of a cell caused by a change in the DNA molecule that is transmissible to the
offspring

A

Mutations

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23
Q
  • Are of benefit to the organism
  • lead to new versions of proteins that help
    organisms adapt to changes in their environment.
  • lead to antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
A

Beneficial mutation

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24
Q

-leads to the production of a nonfunctional enzyme.
-Lethal mutation

A

Harmful mutation

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25
Q
  • They have no effect on the cell
A

Silent Mutations

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26
Q
  • Involves bacteriophages and
    the acquisition of new viral genes
  • Lysogenic conversion –>
    lysogeny
  • prophage
  • The bacterial cell containing
    the prophage: lysogenic cell
  • imparts genes with special functions to bacterial cells
    without such functions.
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
A

Lysogenic Conversion

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27
Q
  • transfer of a DNA fragment from one
    bacterium to another by a bacteriophage.
A

Transduction

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28
Q

is a form of genetic recombination in which a DNA fragment from a dead, degraded bacterium enters a competent recipient bacterium and is
exchanged for a piece of DNA of the recipient.

A

Transformation

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29
Q
  • Cell-to-cell contact
  • Sex pilus
  • encoded by plasmids or transposons.
  • a. General mechanism of transfer of conjugative
    plasmids by conjugation in Gram-negative bacteria
  • This is the mechanism by which resistance
    plasmids (R-plasmids), coding for multiple
    antibiotic resistance and conjugation pilus
    formation, are transferred from a donor
    bacterium to a recipient.
  • F+ conjugation
  • the donor bacterium carries a DNA sequence
    called the fertility factor, or F-factor.
  • c. Hfr (high frequency recombinant) conjugation.
A

Conjugation

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30
Q

grow only in the presence of oxygen.

A

Obligate aerobes

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31
Q

require a low concentration of oxygen (2% to 10%) for growth, but higher
concentrations are inhibitory.

A

Microaerophiles

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32
Q

grow only in the absence
of oxygen and, in fact, are often inhibited or killed
by its presence.

A

Obligate anaerobes

33
Q

grow only in the absence
of oxygen and, in fact, are often inhibited or killed
by its presence.

A

Obligate anaerobes

34
Q

cannot use oxygen to
transform energy but can grow in its presence.

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

35
Q

grow with or without
oxygen, but generally better with oxygen.

A

Facultative anaerobes

36
Q

best at a pH 7.0–7.4

A

Neutrophiles grow

37
Q

prefer pH of 2 to 5

A

Acidophiles

38
Q

grow
best at a pH above 8.5.

A

Alkaliphiles

39
Q
  • the diffusion of water across a membrane from an area of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to lower water concentration (higher solute concentration).
  • Solution: consists of a solute dissolved in a solvent
  • Solute refers to all the molecules or ions dissolved in the water (the solvent).
A

Osmosis

40
Q
  • the diffusion of water across a membrane from an area of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to lower water concentration (higher solute concentration).
  • Solution: consists of a solute dissolved in a solvent
  • Solute refers to all the molecules or ions dissolved in the water (the solvent).
A
41
Q

use radiant energy (light)
as their primary energy source.

A

Phototrophs

42
Q

use the oxidation and
reduction of chemical compounds as their primary energy source.

A

Chemotrophs

43
Q

require only carbon dioxide as a
carbon source.can synthesize
organic molecules from inorganic nutrients.

A

Autotrophs

44
Q

require organic forms of carbon. A
heterotroph cannot synthesize organic molecules from inorganic nutrients.

A

Heterotrophs

45
Q

thrive deep in the ocean and in oil wells, where the atmospheric pressure is very high.

A

Piezophiles

46
Q

involves the destruction or elimination of all
microbes, including cells, spores, and viruses.

A

Sterilization

47
Q

Elimination of most or all pathogens (except bacterial spores)

A

Disinfection

48
Q

An agent that is cidal in action will kill
* General terms like germicidal agents (germicides), biocidal agents (biocides), and microbicidal agents (microbicides) are disinfectants or antiseptics that kill microbes.

A

Cidal

49
Q

kill bacteria, but not necessarily bacterial endospores. Sporicidal agents are required to kill spores

A

Bacterial agents

50
Q

kill fungi, including fungal spores.

A

Fungicidal agents

51
Q

kill algae in swimming pools and hot tubs.

A

Algicidal agents

52
Q

agents destroy viruses.

A

Viricidal

53
Q

agents kill Pseudomonas species, and tuberculocidal agents kill M. tuberculosis

A

Pseudomonicidal

54
Q

agent is a drug or chemical that
inhibits reproduction of microorganism
* s, but does not necessarily kill them.

A

microbistatic

55
Q

agent is one that specifically
inhibits the metabolism and reproduction of bacteria.
* Freeze-drying (lyophilization) and rapid freezing
(using liquid nitrogen) are microbistatic techniques that are used to preserve microbes for future use or study.
* Sepsis refers to the presence of pathogens in blood or tissues, whereas asepsis means the absence of pathogens.

A

bacteriostatic

56
Q

used to eliminate and exclude pathogens.

A

Aseptic techniques

57
Q

the prevention of infection.

A

Antisepsis

58
Q

use of any chemical ( drug) to treat any disease or condition.

A

Chemotherapy

59
Q

chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious diseases

A

Antimicrobial agents

60
Q

Effective in treating malaria

A

Cinchona Bark

61
Q

a substance produced by a microorganism that is effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms.

A

Antibiotic

62
Q
  • interferes with the synthesis and cross-linking of
    peptidoglycan» inhibiting cell wall synthesis
    **β -lactam drugs
  • kills bacteria through binding of the beta-lactam ring to DD
    -transpeptidase, inhibiting its cross -linking activity and preventing new cell wall formation.
A

Penicillin

63
Q
  • β-lactam drugs; produced by molds; interfere
    with cell wall synthesis and are bactericidal
  • They have no activity against LAME: Listeria,
    Atypical (Mycoplasma/Chlamydia), MRSA,
    Enterococci (except MRSA in Ceftobiprole and
    other 5th Gen)
  • 1st gen: against Gram-positive bacteria.
  • 2nd gen: increased activity against Gram (-);
  • 3rd gen: even greater activity against Gram (-)
    (including Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
  • 4th gen: Gram (-) and (+), including P.
    aeruginosa)
A

Cephalsporin

64
Q
  • Broad-spectrum; bacteriostatic
  • inhibit the 30Sribosomal subunit, hindering the binding
    of the aminoacyl-tRNA to the acceptor site on
    the mRNA-ribosome complex.
A

Tetracyclines

65
Q

-Broad spectrum: bactericidal drugs that inhibit protein synthesis
- effective against a wide variety of aerobic gram,-negative bacteria, but are ineffective against anaerobes

A

Aminoglycosides

66
Q
  • Bacteriostatic at
    lower doses but bactericidal at higher doses
  • Inhibit protein synthesis
  • erythromycin, clarithromycin, and Azithromycin.
A

Macrolides

67
Q
  • bactericidal drugs thatinhibit DNA synthesis
  • ciprofloxacin, is effective against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa.
A

Fluoroquinolones.

68
Q

-a single antimicrobial agent is not sufficient to destroy all the pathogens

-two or more drugs may be used
simultaneously to kill all the
pathogens

A

Multi-drug therapy

69
Q
  • When the use of two drugs produces an extent of pathogen killing that is less than that achieved by either drug alone, the phenomenon is known as
    antagonism
A

Synergism

70
Q
  • When the use of two antimicrobial agents to treat an
    infectious disease produces a degree of pathogen killing that is far greater than that achieved by
    either drug alone, the phenomenon is known as
    Synergism.
A

Antagonism

71
Q

-By binding with cell membrane sterols (e.g., nystatin and amphotericin B)

-By interfering with sterol synthesis (e.g., clotrimazole and miconazole)

-By blocking mitosis or nucleic acid synthesis (e.g., griseofulvin and 5- Flucytosine

A

Antifungal Agents

72
Q
  • usually quite toxic to the host
  • (a) interfering with DNA and RNA
    synthesis (e.g., chloroquine, pentamidine, and quinacrine), or
  • (b) interfering with protozoal
    metabolism (e.g., metronidazole; brand name Flagyl).
A

ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS

73
Q
  • are particularly difficult to develop and use because viruses are produced within host cells.
  • Work by inhibiting viral replication within cells.
  • The first antiviral agent effective against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) —zidovudine (also known as azidothymidine [AZT])—was introduced in 1987.
A

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS

74
Q

Superbugs strains of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that are resistant to most of the antibiotics and other medications commonly used to treat the infections they cause.

A

DRUG RESISTANCE

75
Q
  • resistant to all anti- staphylococcal drugsexcept vancomycin and one or two more recently developed drugs (e.g., Synercid and Zyvox).
A

MRSA and MRSE

76
Q
  • These strains are resistant to
    most anti-enterococcal drugs, including vancomycin.
  • Enterococcus spp. are common causes of healthcare-associated infections, especially urinary tract infection
  • May be intrinsic or acquired resistance.
A

Vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus spp.
(VRE)

77
Q
  • These strains are resistant to the two most effective first- line therapeutic drugs— isoniazid and rifampin
  • Extensively drug-resistant strains, called XDR-TB are
    also resistant to the most effective second-line therapeutic drugs— fluoroquinolones and at
    least one of the following: amikacin, kanamycin,
    capreomycin.
A

Multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis
(MDR-TB)

78
Q
  • The patient may become allergic to the agent. For example, penicillin G in low doses often sensitizes those who are prone to allergies; when these
    persons receive a second dose of penicillin at some later date, they may have a severe reaction known as
    anaphylactic shock, or they may break out in hives.
A

Allergy

79
Q
  • Prolonged antibiotic use can lead to
    population explosions of microorganisms
    that are resistant to the antibiotic(s) being
    used. Such overgrowths are known as
    “superinfections.”
  • A superinfection can be thought of as a
    “population explosion” of organisms that
    are usually present only in small numbers.
  • Yeast vaginitis
A

Superinfections

Microbiology and Parasitology (4 decks)

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