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Microbiology and Parasitology > G1-G3 > Flashcards

G1-G3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbiological aspects of human and animal
infections and infestations, with emphasis on
their etiologic agents.

A

Clinical microbiology

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2
Q

is the study of causative agents of infectious diseases of humans and their reactions to such infections.

A

Medical Microbiology

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3
Q

It is an examination to identify an individual’s specific areas of weakness and strength in order determine a condition, disease or illness.

A

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

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4
Q

Antibiosis is a biological interaction between two or more organisms that is detrimental to at least one of them; it can also be an antagonistic association between an organism and the metabolic substances produced by another.

A

ANTIBIOSIS

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5
Q

In its most general sense, refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells, specifically those of microorganism or organism

A

Chemotherapy

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6
Q

The study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations.It serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of the public health
and preventive medicine.

A

Epidemiology

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7
Q

A broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms.

A

Immunology

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8
Q

Implies the presence of microorganisms in or on the body of the host. It is the invasion and growth of germs in the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms.

A

INFECTIONS

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9
Q

A state when the microorganisms is successful in producing physiological or anatomical changes in the host.disease, any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury.

A

DISEASE

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10
Q

Infectious diseases are disorders that are caused by organisms, usually microscopic in size, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that are passed, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.

A

Infectious disease

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11
Q

Pathogens are taxonomic-ally widely diverse and comprise viruses and bacteria as well as unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.

A

Pathogen

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12
Q

The parasite’s ability to cause harm to the host varies with the microbe’s ability to enter or harm host tissues, as well as the state of the host’s defenses.

A

PATHOGENICITY

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13
Q

a measure of pathogenicity; the degree of pathogenicity

refers to the precise mechanisms used by the pathogen invade and damage host tissues.

A

Virulence

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14
Q

a toxin secreted by bacteria.
can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism.A microbial pathogen that causes the most serious and numerous diseases.

A

Exotoxins

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15
Q

found in Gram negative bacteria
heat stable:less toxic: highly pyrogenic

A

Endotoxins

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16
Q

A pyrogen is a substance that causes a rise in temperature (fever reaction) in a human or animal through the activation of the innate immune system.

A

Pyrogenic

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17
Q

The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells.

A

Phagocytosis

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18
Q

may enable bacteria to resist phagocytosis

A

Capsule

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19
Q

causes some bacteria to resist phagocytosis

A

Enzymes

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20
Q

via fomites (objects or materials which likely to carry infection, such as clothes, utensils, and furniture)

A

Indirect contact

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21
Q

( infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding anthropods)

A

Vectors

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22
Q

non specific resistance

A

Innate immunity

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23
Q

acquired immunity specific resistance

A

Adaptive immunity response

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24
Q

the population of microbes routinely found growing on the body surfaces of healthy individuals

A

Normal flora

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25
Q

cells that engulf and degrade foreign material and cell debris

A

Phagocytes (Macrophages)

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26
Q
  • initiated in response to invading microbes or tissue damage
  • the irritant sets into motion a process that limits the extent of the injury
A

Inflammation

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27
Q
  • elevated internal body temperature
  • inhibits the growth of many pathogens
  • activates and speeds up body defenses
A

Fever

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28
Q
  • antibodies are compounds of proteins and sugar that circulate in the bloodstream. They are created by the immune system to fight germs and foreign substances.
A

Antibody-mediated immunity

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29
Q

made in the bone marrow and then mature there to become specialized immune system cells.

A

B cells

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30
Q
  • is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophages and NK-cells, the production of antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
A

Cell-mediated immunity

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31
Q

can kill any cell harboring such pathogens by recognizing foreign peptides that are transported to the cell surface bound to MHC class I molecules.

A

T-cells destroy infected cells

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32
Q

They can “remember” which germs were defeated and are then ready to activate the adapted immune system quickly if there is another infection.

A

Memory T-cells

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33
Q
  • preparation of disease-causing agent or its product used to induce active immunity Attenuated vaccine
  • a weakened form of the disease-causing microbe or virus that is generally unable to cause disease
A

Vaccines

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34
Q
  • may contain killed microbes or inactivated viruses or
    fractions of the microbe
  • unable to replicate, but retains the immunogenicity of the infectious agent or toxin
A

Inactivated vaccines

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35
Q
  • it can overcome host defenses
  • it causes diseases upon entering the body
  • slime or capsule-forming bacteria to which the phagocyte cannot attach and thus which destroy phagocytes
A

Pathogen

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36
Q
  • bacteria - cause the most serious and numerous diseases
  • protozoa - mostly parasites
  • fungi - mycoses - when well-established, fungal diseases are among the most difficult to eradicate viruses
A

Microbial pathogens

37
Q

This type of infection is caused by the presence of bacteria,viruses, or parasites that are transmitted from one person to another during sexual activity. STDs can be cured with antibiotics, but if left untreated, they can lead to serious health problems.

A

Sexually transmitted disease

38
Q

the study of the mechanisms of heritable information in
bacteria, their chromosomes, plasmids, transposons and
phages.

A

BACTERIAL GENETICS

39
Q

● Complete collection of genes
● The genetic material passed between generations
● The genetic code of the individual
● All the information that is found inside the individual’s cell

A

Genotype

40
Q

● All its physical traits, attributes or characteristics
● Manifestation of genotype
● Expression of the genotype that is visible to other people

A

Phenotype

41
Q

● Actively expressed all the time
● ribosomes are constantly needed for protein synthesis

A

Constitutive Genes

42
Q

● Expressed only when needed
● the glucose transporter proteins that muscle cells produce in response to insulin.

A

Inducible Genes

43
Q
  • a change in the characteristics of a cell caused by a change in the DNA molecule that is transmissible to the offspring
  • Mutations can be beneficial, harmful or silent
  • result when the DNA sequence in an organism changes
  • mutations are the main cause of diversity in organisms.
A

Mutations

44
Q
  • are of benefit to an organism
A

Beneficial Mutations

45
Q

● leads to the production of a nonfunctional enzyme
● Cause of genetic disorders or cancer.

A

Harmful Mutations

46
Q

are genetic mutation that lead
to death whether over a period of time or immediately after the mutation occurs.

A

Lethal mutations

47
Q

● is also known as “synonymous mutations”
● This is a form of mutation that does not cause a major change in amino acid.
● This are mutations in DNA that do not have anobservable effect on the organism’s phenotype.
● It create problems with exonic splicing enhancers (ESEs), resulting in changes mRNA processing of the genetic information.

A

Silent Mutations

48
Q
  • The capacity of some phages to live in a bacterium due to dna integration into the host chromosome.
A

Lysogenic Conversion

49
Q

● Is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus.
● Also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector.

A

Transduction

50
Q

● Form of genetic transformation is a form of genetic recombination in which DNA fragment from a dead, degraded bacterium and is exchange for a piece of DNA of the recipient.

A

Transformation

51
Q

● Cell-to-cell contact
● Sex pilus
● Encoded by plasmids or transposons

A

Conjugation

52
Q
  • techniques to transfer eukaryotic genes into other
    easily cultured cells to facilitate the large-scale production of gene products
  • recombinant DNA technology
A

Genetic Engineering

53
Q
  • insertion of a gene into cells to correct specific
    genetic disorder that is being caused by a defective gene.
A

Gene Therapy

54
Q

first gene therapy trials (United States)

A

1990

55
Q

-emerging pathogens, water quality indicators, water test, total bacterial population, water pollution, water purification and disinfection.

A

Water Microbiology

56
Q

It can cause Urinary Tract Infections and severe bloody diarrhea with abdominal cramping.

was
first identified as a human pathogen in 1982

A

ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7

57
Q

has been described as the most significant cause of waterborne disease today

A

Cryptosporidium

58
Q

has been described as the most significant cause of waterborne disease today

A

Cryptosporidium

59
Q

It is the major cause in many waterborne outbreaks and viral gastroenteritis around the world

A

ROTAVIRUS

60
Q

-A diverse group of RNA viruses, they are a common cause of gastroenteritis, with diarrhea and vomiting, fever and respiratory symptoms lasting approximately 2 days.

A

NORWALK-LIKE CALICIVIRUSES

61
Q

occurs when substances pollute the water and make it unusable for cooking, drinking, and other uses. Contamination can occur from agriculture, industrial chemicals, overflowing sewers, and more

A

WATER CONTAMNATION

62
Q

drinking water should be free from disease-causing organisms, or any bacteria indicative of fecal pollution. In addition water should taste good and be free from objectionable color, harmful chemical substances, and radioactive matter.

A

WATER QUALITY

63
Q

essential for organism growth and survival
-are found in organic, inorganic, and dissolved forms in aquatic systems

A

NUTRIENTS

64
Q

introduced into aquatic ecosystems through weathering, wastewater treatments, and mining operations.

A

METALS

65
Q

can threaten aquatic ecosystems and people.

A

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

66
Q

A method of analyzing water to estimate the numbers of bacteria present and to allow for the recovery of microorganisms in order to identify them.

The method of examination is the plate count

A

MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER ANALYSIS

67
Q

It is one of the most preferred methods to detect indicator organisms for microbiological testing of water

In this method specific volume of water is passed through a sterile membrane filter with small pore size in order to retain bacterial cells.

A

MEMBRANE FILTRATION

68
Q

It is the amount of dissolved oxygen required
by aerobic biological organisms in a body of
water to breakdown/metabolize the organic
material thus expressing the amount of organic matter present in water/sewage

A

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)

69
Q

It is an indirect measure of the amount of organic compounds in water by indicating the amount of oxygen which is needed for the oxidation of all organic substances in water in mg/l ie. the mass of oxygen consumed per liter of solution. Therefore COD is used to determine the amount of organic pollutants found in surface water (e.g. lakes and rivers) or wastewater thus making COD a useful measure of water quality.

A

CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)

70
Q

is the cloudiness of a fluid caused by large numbers of particles that are
generally invisible to the naked eye so it is
the measure of relative clarity of a water

A

TURBIDITY

71
Q

contamination of natural water bodies by chemical , physical radioactive or pathogenic microbial substances.

A

WATER POLLUTION

72
Q

generate huge quantities of garbage with hazardous chemicals and many more dangerous
substances. Many companies lack an effective waste management system, allowing trash to flow into freshwater streams.

A

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

73
Q

produced by each household and released into the sea with fresh
water. Hazardous chemicals and bacteria are present in sewage water, which can have a negative impact on
one’s health. Also unhygienic behaviors, such as using restrooms, cause human waste to leak into shallow wells and underground water, polluting the water.

A

SEWAGE AND WASTEWATER

74
Q

is the process of crushing the rock and extracting coal and other minerals from underground.

A

MINING ACTIVITIES

75
Q

-It is all the activities that farmers undertake during cultivation of crops.

A

AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

76
Q

compounds are used in nuclear power plants, industrial, medical, and other scientific operations.

A

RADIOACTIVE WASTE

77
Q

generated by households is occasionally gathered and dumped into the sea. Some of it takes a long time to decompose, so when it enters water bodies, it can pollute the water and harm aquatic animals.

A

GARBAGE DUMPING

78
Q

Oil spills lead to large amounts of oil to enter into the lakes, rivers and sea and does not dissolve in water
causing pollution making it unfit for human use as well as affecting marine wildlife such as fish.

A

ACCIDENTAL OIL LEAKAGE

79
Q

process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gasses from contaminated water.

A

WATER PURIFICATION

80
Q

Water is heated long enough to inactivate or kill microorganisms that normally live in water at room temperature. Boiling water can kill many common
waterborne bacteria and other microorganisms.

A

BOILING

81
Q

It is the process involving the conversion of a liquid into vapor that is subsequently condensed back to liquid form. Because of contaminants with similar boiling
temperatures and vaporized liquid droplets carried by the steam, distillation may not entirely purify water.

A

DISTILLATION

82
Q

This involves addition of chlorine or its compounds such as chloramine or chlorine dioxide to water.

A

CHLORINATION

83
Q

an unstable molecule which readily gives up one atom of oxygen providing a powerful oxidizing agent which is toxic to most waterborne organisms.

A

OZONE DISINFECTION

84
Q

Water is irradiated with UV light as it flows over a glass sleeve encasement consisting of a UV light bulb.

A

ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION

85
Q

Water is filtered through a form of activated carbon with a high surface area, this adsorbs many compounds including many toxic chemical compounds.

A

GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON FILTERING

86
Q

applied when there is a high degree of turbidity in the water or when solids must be separated from liquids.

A

FLOCCULATION

87
Q

During this process, chemical coagulants are added to water to destabilize colloidal and finely divided materials and to cause them to begin aggregating.

A

COAGULATION

88
Q

After coagulant chemicals are introduced, water is mixed quickly and forcefully by the flash mixer so that the chemicals are evenly distributed throughout the water.

must take at least 30 seconds up to
60 seconds to allow proper distribution of chemicals.

A

FLASH MIXING

89
Q

process makes water clear by removing all kinds of particles, sediments, oil, natural organic matter and color.

A

CLARIFICATION

Microbiology and Parasitology (4 decks)

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