Microbiology and Parasitology ( L1-8) Flashcards
it is the study of small living things that are too small to be visible with the naked eye.
Microbiology
He was the first person to see live bacteria and protozoa.
-Father of Bacteriology
-Father of Protozoology
-His fine art of grinding lenses made him magnify objects 200-300 times its
size, hence, gave him a peak to thousands of tiny creatures he had never seen
before.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
He discovered forms of life that could exist in the absence of oxygen. He introduced the terms
“aerobes” (organisms that require oxygen) and “anaerobes”
(organisms that do not require
oxygen).
Louis Pasteur
It is specializes in the study of structure, functions, and activities of bacteria.
Bacteriologist (Bacteriology)
studies the various types of algae.
Phycologist (Phycology)
studies protozoa and its corresponding activities.
Protozoologist (Protozoology)
specializes in the study of fungi
Mycologist (Mycology)
study viruses and their effects on living cells of all types.
Virologist (Virology)
study how microorganisms interact with the environment and each other.
Environmental microbiologists
study and solve problems related to industrial production processes.
Industrial microbiologists
examine specimens to track, control, and prevent communicable diseases and other health hazards.
Public health microbiologists
study the life cycle of parasites, the parasite-host relationship, and how parasites adapt to different environments.
Parasitologists
involves the use of microorganisms in the industry/commercial enterprises.
Biotechnology
involves the use of microorganisms to clean up environmental wastes
Bio remediation
is concerned with epidemiology, transmission of pathogens, disease- prevention measures, treatment of infectious diseases, and production of vaccines.
Clinical Microbiology
involves the study of ancient microbes
Paleo microbiology
focuses on parasitic protozoa, helminths, and arthropods.
Parasitology
An optical instrument used to observe tiny objects, often objects that cannot be seen by unaided eye
Microscopes
power is the amount of fine detail that can be seen
Resolution or Resolving
Power is enlarging an image.
Magnification or Magnifying
Containing 1 magnifying lens
Simple Microscope
Contains more than one magnifying lens
Compound Microscope
Observe unstained living mcgs, because the light refracted by living cells is different from light refracted by the surrounding medium.
Phase-Contrast Microscope
contains a built-in UV light source
Fluorescence Microscope
Enable scientists to study the internal structures of the cell
Electron Microscope:
TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope)
-Magnifies: 5 to ~500,000 time; sharp images of surface features
- Observe outer surfaces of specimen
SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)
is a technique for obtaining high resolution images of biological and non-biological specimens.
Electron Microscopes
the virus is ‘quiescent’ (a state in which the virus is not replicating)
Latent Virus Infection
Drugs used to treat viral Infections
Antiviral Agents
Viruses that cause cancer
Oncogenic Virus
-Cause of AIDS
* is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
An extremely large double- stranded DNA virus recovered from amoebas.
Mimivirus
- serious crop losses worldwide
- Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
discovered by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898.
Plant Virus
infectious RNA molecules that cause a variety of plant diseases.
VIROIDS
infectious protein molecules that cause a variety of animal and human diseases.
PRIONS
Passing the smear through a
Bunsen burner flame
Heat Fixation
Flooding the smear with
absolute methanol for 30 seconds
METHANOL FIXATION
sufficient to determine bacterial shape and morphologic arrangement.
Simple stain
use more than one stain, and
cells will have a different
appearance based on their
chemical or structural
properties.
Differential stains
a laboratory test that determines if a sample of tissue, blood, or other body substance is infected with the bacteria that causes tuberculosis and other illnesses.
The acid-fast stain
Associated with the presence of flagella or axial filaments; some by gliding on secreted slime
Motility- able to “swim” = motile
A mound or pile of bacteria on a solid culture medium is known as a bacterial colony.
Colony morphology
require an atmosphere
containing molecular
oxygen in concentrations comparable to that found
in room air (20 – 21%)
Obligate aerobes
also require oxygen
for multiplication, but in
concentrations lower than that found in room air.
Microaerophiles
-that do not require oxygen for life and reproduction.
-they vary in their sensitivity to oxygen.
-obligate anaerobe, aerotolerant anaerobe, and facultative anaerobe.
Anaerobes
can only grow in an anaerobic environment
Obligate anaerobes
do not require oxygen, grow better in the absence of oxygen, but can survive in atmospheres containing molecular oxygen (such as air and a CO2 incubator).
Aerotolerant anaerobes
capable of surviving in either the presence or absence of oxygen; anywhere from 0% O2 to 20% - 21% O2.
Facultative anaerobes
capable of surviving in either the presence or absence of oxygen; anywhere from 0% O2 to 20% - 21% O2.
Facultative anaerobes
capable of surviving in either the presence or absence of oxygen; anywhere from 0% O2 to 20% - 21% O2.
Facultative anaerobes
grow better in the laboratory in the presence of increased concentrations of
CO2.
Capnophiles
Certain microbes have specific vitamin requirements and some need organic substances secreted by other living microorganisms during their growth.
Nutritional Requirements
emolysis: incomplete lysis of RBC -
Greenish, cloudy zone around the colony.
Alpha ( a )
hemolysis: complete lysis of RBC - A
Beta ( b)
hemolysis: no lysis of RBC - No change in the blood agar around the colony.
Gamma ( g)
-Enable bacteria to cause disease
Genetic Composition
-molecular diagnostic procedures
Pathogenicity
obligate intracellular
pathogens that cause
diseases in humans and
other animals.
Gram
- Not related to rickets – Vitamin D deficiency
- leaky cell membranes, mostrickettsias must live inside another cell
Rickettsia
-obligate intracellular bacteria
-Energy parasites
Chlamydias
-obligate intracellular bacteria
-Energy parasites
Chlamydias
- smallest of the cellular microbes
- Pleiomorphic
- Difference with other CWD: no matter how favorable the condition is mycoplasmas cannot produce cell wall.
Mycoplasma
eukaryotic
organisms, usually
unicellular and colonial,
that photosynthesize with
chlorophyll a
Algae
unicellular
eukaryotes that lack tissues
and share similarities in cell
structure, nutrition, life
cycle, and biochemistry
Protozoa
Unicellular, microscopic: diatoms, dinoflagellates, desmids
Algae
- Contains chloroplast
- Has stigma and flagellum
- Desmids and the microscopic
banana
The Green Algae
Single-celled free-living microorganisms
PROTOZOA
Move by means of
Cytoplasmic extensions called
pseudopods
Amebae
- Movement thru cilia
- Oarlike motion
Ciliates
- Common pond water ciliates
- With both pellicle and cytostome
Paramecium spp.
- Pond water ciliates
- Contractile stalk
- myoneme
Vorticella spp.
- move by means of whiplike flagella.
- Trypanosoma brucei
subspecies gambiense»_space; African
Sleeping Sickness
Flagellates
Ophiocordyceps unilateralis
* goal: self-propagation and dispersal
* undetected by the rest of the colony
* fungi have to keep host populations in
check: few ants in a colony are infected
Cordyceps
- budding, hyphal extension, or the formation of spores.
Reproduction
are microscopic, single
-celled organisms that usually
reproduce by budding.
YEASTS
a living organism,
which takes its nourishment
and other needs from a host
Parasite
lives on the outer surface of its host
Ectoparasite
live inside the body of their host
Endoparasites
completely dependent on the host during a segment or all of its life cycle
Obligate Parasite
exhibits both parasitic and non-parasitic modes of living and hence does not absolutely depend on the parasitic way of life, but is capable of adapting to it if placed on a host.
Facultative parasite
when a parasite attacks an unnatural host and survives.
accidental parasite
wanders into an organ it is not usually found.
Erratic parasite
-harbors parasite in adult stage
-The host harboring the
parasite in its sexual phase
Definitive host
Larval stage
Intermediate host
temporary refuge and vehicle
Paratenic host
makes parasite available for
transmission
Reservoir host
naturally infected
Natural host
under normal circumstances is not infected with the parasite.
Accidental host:
The host harboring
the parasite in its non-sexual phase
Intermediate host
makes the parasite available for the transmission to another host and is usually not affected by the infection.
Reservoir host
a host that is naturally infected
with certain species of parasite.
Natural host
canis is a worm whose
natural hosts are the cat and the dog.
Toxocara
a host that is under normal
circumstances not infected with the parasite
Accidental host
a living carrier (may be
an arthropod) that transports a pathogenic organism from an infected to a non-infected host.
Vector
both partners are
metabolically dependent upon each other and one
cannot live without the help of the other; however, none
of the partners suffers any.
Mutualism
the commensal takes the benefit without causing injury to the
host.
Commensalism
one of the
partners is harmed and
the other lives at the
expense of the other.
Parasitism
Morphological, biochemical changes, complex life cycle, immune evasionm and direct and indirect impact.
Parasitic Adaptations
may be inflicted
by a parasite by means of pressure as it grows larger, e.g. Hydatid cyst
Mechanical injury
Deleterious effect of toxic
substances-
Plasmodium
falciparum
Tissue
damage may be caused by immunological response of the host, e.g. nephritic syndrome following Plasmodium infections.
Immunological reaction
