Microbiology and Parasitology Flashcards
includes viruses and prions
Acellular
Study of organisms too small to be clearly seen by unaided eye.
Microbiology
Earth was formed about ____ billion years ago
4.5
Includes eukaryotic organisms, and prokaryotic organisms
►Cellular
_____________________________________ found in ancient rock formations in northwestern Australia date back to about 3.5 billion years ago
Fossils of primitive
microorganisms
Animals appeared on earth between ____ and ____ million years ago
900 and 650
caused by gram negative bacteria Treponema palladum.
Syphilis
caused by Myobacterium tuberculosis (acid fast bacterium)
Tuberculosis-
a Dutch fabric merchant, was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa in 1674 using lenses he made as a hobby ► “Father of Microbiology” ► “Father of Bacteriology” ► “Father of Protozoology”
Anton van leeuwenhoek
Demonstrated that yeast can degrade sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide as they multiply (1887)
Louis pasteur
English Physicist who explained the differences in experimental results obtained in different laboratories; concluded that different infusions required different boiling times to be sterilized.
john tyndall
a German physician
► Demonstrated that anthrax is caused by a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis which is transmitted to humans by means of spores
► Introduced the use of pure culture techniques for handling bacteria in the laboratory
► Identified the causative agent of tuberculosis
► Stated the “Koch Postulates
Robert koch
Don’t have nucleus.
Bacteria
Has a specified region to where their genetic material is located called ________________
nucleoid region.
Protective covering made of polysaccharides, shields from phagocytosis.
Capsule
Composed of peptidoglycan.
Cell wall
Layer of phospholipids and proteins.
Cytoplasmic membrane
Helps in the cell growth, metabolism and replication
Cytoplasm
Hair like structure that provides bacterial locomotion
Flagella
Region where chromosomal DNA is located
Nucleoid
Helps the bacteria in attaching to other cells
Pilli
Consist of many layers of peptidoglycan which forms a thick and rigid structure of its cell wall. It also contains techoic acid which is made of alcohol and phosphate.
Gram Positive
links the peptidoglycan layer and the plasma membrane.
Lipotechoic acid
connected only to peptidoglycan layer
Techoic wall acid
Cell walls are made up of few layers of peptidoglycans and an outer membrane. Outer layer are made up of Lipopolysssacharides, lipoprotiens, and phospholipids.
Gram Negative
Also known as ancient bacteria, All are unicellular, Most don’t need oxygen
Archaea
Some are unicellular, Some are filamentous
Fungi
aggregate of hyphae
Mycelium
The most common method of asexual reproduction
of fungi is through _______________
spore production.
a hypha that can fragment to form cells that behave as a spores.
Arthrospore
if cells are surrounded by a thick wall before separation they are called chlamydospores
chlamydospores
if the spores develop within a sac.
Sporangiospores
the spores are not enclosed in a sac but produced at the tips or the sides of the hypha.
Conidiospores
produces from a vegetative mother cell by budding.
Blastospores
Proto-_____ Zoa-______
first, animal.
They are eukaryotic organisms that consist of one cell.
Protozoans
-for digestion and an osmoregulator
Endoplasm-
They have few ciliates.
Morphology of protozoans
by binary fusion
ASEXUAL
by conjugation
SEXUAL-
In latin it means venom or poison, Capable of replication within the living cells of bacteria, animals and plants.
Virus
Double Stranded, Type of sugar-deoxyribose
DNA VIRUS
Single Stranded, Type of sugar-Ribose
RNA VIRUS
is also known as the protein coat that encloses and protects the nucleic acids.
Capsid-
are those found living inside their hosts. Though some of these spend a portion of their life in water or soil, their mature forms live within animal hosts and are often highly adapted to this specialized environment.
Endoparasites
Like the tobacco Mosaic virus, which infects a number of different types of plants, have a slinky-shaped capsid that twist around and encloses its genetic material
- Helical Viruses
Like adenoviruses,which are known to cause a range of illnesses from pink eye to pneumonia, are composed of genetic material surrounded by a many-sided capsid, usually with 20 triangular faces.
- Polyhedral Viruses
Like the infamous Coronavirus, are essentially helical viruses enclosed in a membrane known as an envelope, which is spiked with sugary proteins that assist in sticking to and entering host cells.
- Spherical Viruses
Like bacteriophages, which infect and kill bacteria, resemble a lunar lander and are composed of a polyherdal “head” and a helical body (or “soil sheath”) and legs ( or “tail fibers”) that attach to a cell membrane so that it can transfer its genetic material.
- Complex Viruses
are those found living outside their hosts. Many ectoparasites live on or near the organisms they require for nutrients, while some spend considerable time away from their hosts.
Ectoparasites –
Due to autosomal dominant
mutation of PrP.
Familial/Hereditary
occurring at irregular intervals or only in a few places; scattered or isolated.
Sporadic
the study of the structure, functions and activities of bacteria
Bacteriology
the study of the various types of algae
Phycology
the study of parasites: parasitic protozoa, helminths (parasitic worms), and arthropods (certain insects and arachnids)
Parasitology
the study of viruses
Virology
-study of yeast and other fungi.
Mycology
Roles of microbes in soil formation and fertility; in carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur cycles; in diseases of plants; in the digestive processes of cows and other ruminants; and in the production of crops.
Agricultural Microbiology
the use of microorganisms in industry
Biotechnology (Industrial Microbiology)-
concerned with water and sewage treatment; use bacteria like iron- and sulfur- ulitilizing bacteria to break down metals and minerals in water
Environmental Microbiology-
-involves the study of pathogens, the diseases they cause, and the body’s defenses against disease, is a branch of Medical Microbiology that is concerned with the laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases of humans
Medical and Clinical Microbiology
Microbial Genetics involves the study of microbial DNA, chromosomes, plasmids (small, circular molecules of extrachromosomal DNA), and genes.
Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering
-contributes to our understanding of the structure and functions of microbial cells
Microbial Physiology
-involves the study of ancient microbes.
Paleomicrobiology
-includes the processing and disposal of garbage and sewage wastes, as well as the purification and processing of water supplies to ensure that no pathogens are carried to the consumer by drinking water
Sanitary Microbiology
-the study of the immune system and vaccines
Immunology
deals with the study of the occurrence, spread, and prevention of infectious diseases
Public Health and Epidemiology
__________________ are present in our bodies awaiting the opportunity to cause disease
► Opportunistic pathogens
the application of biology to solve practical problems and produce useful products economically
Biotechnology-
the use of living organisms to degrade environmental pollutants
Bioremediation
the introduction of genes from one organism to an unrelated organism and conferring new properties on that organism
Genetic Engineering
