Microbial control

Question 1

free of life of every kind

Answer 1

Sterile

Question 2

the process of complete removal or destruction of all forms of microbial life which may be effected by physical or chemical means

Answer 2

Sterilization

Question 3

having the property of inhibiting bacterial growth or multiplication

Answer 3

▪ Bacteriostatic

Question 4

having the property of killing or destroying bacteria

Answer 4

Bactericidal

Question 5

the process of killing or removing microorganisms on inanimate surfaces through the use of chemical agents

Answer 5

Disinfection

Question 6

a chemical substance used to kill infection- producing microorganisms on surfaces but too toxic to be applied directly to tissues

Answer 6

Germicide or Disinfectant

Question 7

characterized by the presence of pathogenic microbes in living tissues

Answer 7

Septic

Question 8

characterized by the absence of
pathogenic microbes

Answer 8

Aseptic

Question 9

a chemical substance which opposes sepsis or putrefaction either by killing microorganisms or by preventing their growth; applied topically to living tissues

Answer 9

Antiseptic

Question 10

that temperature which in a given time destroys all the bacteria present

Answer 10

Thermal Death Point

Question 11

• minimum time required to kill a suspension of organisms at a given temperature in a specified environment

Answer 11

Thermal Death Time

Question 12

Period of adaptation; little or no multiplication but active metabolically

Answer 12

Lag Phase (Phase of Rejuvenescence or
Phase of Physiologic Youth

Question 13

Organisms grow at maximum rate

Answer 13

Logarithmic Phase (Exponential Phase)

Question 14

Rate of cell reproduction equals the rate of cell death

Answer 14

Stationary Phase (Plateau Phase or
Phase of Equilibrium)

Question 15

• Total number of viable cells in the population decreases as cells die off at a constant rate

Answer 15

Death Phase (Phase of Decline

Question 16

▪ aka. Clean Technique
▪ involves procedures and practices that reduce the number and transmission of pathogens

Answer 16

Medical Asepsis

Question 17

▪ aka. Sterile Technique
▪ includes practices used to render and keep objects and areas sterile (free from microorganisms)

Answer 17

Surgical Asepsis

Question 18

Easy to obtain and inexpensive; rapid
evaporation limits their contact time

Answer 18

Alcohols

Question 19

Capable of destroying all forms of microbial life. Irritating to the respiratory tract, skin, and eyes

Answer 19

Aldehydes
(Formaldehyde)

Question 20

Relatively low toxicity, destroys a wide range of microbes, adheres to and persists on skin and mucous membranes

Answer 20

Biguanides(Chlorhexidine)

Question 21

Easily penetrates hard- to- reach places and fabrics and does not damage moisturesensitive material. It is toxic, explosive, and potentially carcinogenic

Answer 21

Ethylene Oxide Gas

Question 22

Chlorine solutions are inexpensive and readily available however, organic compounds and other impurities neutralize the activity. Iodine is more expensive than chlorine and does not reliably kill endospores

Answer 22

Halogens (Chlorine and Iodine)

Question 23

Most metal compounds are too toxic to be used medically

Answer 23

Metals (Silver

Question 24

This unstable form of molecular oxygen readily breaks down

Answer 24

Ozone

Question 25

Readily biodegradable and less toxic than traditional alternatives. The effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide as an antiseptic is limited because the enzyme catalase breaks it down. Peracetic acid is more potent germicide than is hydrogen peroxide.

Answer 25

Peroxygens (hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid)

Question 26

Wide range of activity, reasonable cost, remains effective in the presence of detergents and organic contaminants, leaves an active antimicrobial residue

Answer 26

Phenolic Compounds (triclosan and hexachlorophene)

Question 27

Non- toxic enough to be used on food preparation surfaces. Inactivated by anionic soaps and detergents.

Answer 27

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (benzalkonium chloride and cetylpyridium chloride)

Question 28

Most microorganisms are not killed by cold temperatures and freezing but their metabolic activities are slowed, inhibiting their growth

Answer 28

Cold

Question 29

▪ freeze- drying ▪ used to preserve foods, antisera, toxins, antitoxins, antibiotics, and pure culture of microorganisms

Answer 29

Lyophilization

Question 30

▪ Definition by the CDC in 1996 ▪ used for the care of all hospitalized patients, regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infection status

Answer 30

Standard Precautions

Question 31

▪ infection control techniques that were recommended following the AIDS outbreak in 1980s ▪ a set of precautions designed to prevent the transmission of HIV, HBV and other blood- borne pathogens when providing first aid and healthcare

Answer 31

Universal Precautions

Question 32

designed for patients known or suspected to be infected with highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogens for which additional precautions beyond Standard Precautions are required to interrupt transmission within hospitals

Answer 32

Transmission- based Precautions

Question 33

involves either airborne droplet nuclei or dust particles containing a pathogen

Answer 33

Airborne Precautions

Question 34

are small- particle residue (5 um or less in diameter) of evaporated droplets containing microorganisms; they remain suspended in air for long periods

Answer 34

*Airborne droplet nuclei

Question 35

▪ Use private room that has: ▪ Monitored negative air pressure, ▪ 6- 12 air changes per hour,

Answer 35

Patient Placement

Question 36

▪ Wear an N95 respirator when entering the room of a patient with known or suspected infectious pulmonary tuberculosis

Answer 36

Respiratory Protection

Question 37

▪ Limit transport of patient from room to essential purposes only ▪ Use surgical mask on patient during transport

Answer 37

Patient Transport

Question 38

produced primarily as a result of coughing, sneezing, and talking, as well as during hospital procedures such as suctioning and bronchoscopy

Answer 38

Droplets

Question 39

resistant pneumococcal meningitis or pneumonia Whooping cough

Answer 39

Multidrug

Question 40

▪ Private room. ▪ If a private room is not available, the patient may be placed in a room with a patient having active infection with the same pathogen but with no other infection (Cohort).

Answer 40

Patient Placement

Question 41

Persons working within 3 feet of the patient must wear a mask (or upon entering the room)

Answer 41

Mask

Question 42

Limit transport to essential purposes only. Use surgical mask is placed on the patient during transport.

Answer 42

▪ Patient Transport

Question 43

Contact transmission is the most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infections

Answer 43

Contact Precautions

Question 44

▪ transfer of microorganisms by body surface- to- body surface contact

Answer 44

Direct- contact transmission

Question 45

▪ transfer of microorganisms via a contaminated intermediate object (FOMITE), such as instruments, needles, and dressings

Answer 45

▪ Indirect- contact transmission

Question 46

▪ Gloves are worn when entering the patient’s room. ▪ Change gloves after having contact with infective material that may contain high concentration of microorganisms (fecal material and wound drainage).

Answer 46

Gloves

Question 47

Wash hands with antimicrobial agent immediately after glove removal.

Answer 47

Wash

Question 48

Wear a gown when entering the patient’s room if you anticipate that your clothing will have substantial contact with the patient, environmental surfaces, or items in the patient’s room or if the patient

Answer 48

▪ Gown

Question 49

▪ Dedicate the use of noncritical patient- care equipment to a single patient. ▪ If common equipment is used, clean and disinfect between patients.

Answer 49

Patient- Care Equipment

Question 50

▪ placing into isolation patients with tuberculosis or other contagious diseases to protect other people from becoming infected

Answer 50

Source Isolation

Question 51

▪ aka. Reverse Isolation or Neutropenic Isolation ▪ placing patients who are vulnerable to infection in a total protective environment (TPE)

Answer 51

Protective Isolation

Question 52

▪ includes private room where vented air entering the room is passed through HEPA filters. ▪ The room is under positive pressure to prevent the hallway air from entering when the door is opened. ▪ The room must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before the patient is admitted. ▪ All items coming in contact with the patient must be disinfected or sterilized.

Answer 52

Total Protective Environment (TPE)

Question 53

widely used to sterile medical instruments

Answer 53

Glutaraldehyde

Question 54

used in vaccine preparation

Answer 54

Formalin

Question 55

widely used as an antiseptic in soaps and lotions, and more recently, impregnated into catheters and surgical mesh

Answer 55

Chlorohexidine

Question 56

Commonly used to sterilize medical devices

Answer 56

Ethylene Oxide Gas

Question 57

are inexpensive and readily available however, organic compounds and other impurities neutralize the activity

Answer 57

Chlorine solutions

Question 58

is more expensive than chlorine and does not reliably kill endospores

Answer 58

Iodine

Question 59

used in topical dressings to prevent infection of burns

Answer 59

Silver Sulfadiazine

Question 60

drops can be used to prevent eye infections caused by N. gonorrheae in newborns.

Answer 60

Silver Nitrate

Question 61

used to sterilize containers for aseptically packaged juices and milk.

Answer 61

Hydrogen Peroxide

Question 62

is widely used to disinfect and sterile medical devices

Answer 62

Peracetic acid

Question 63

used in a variety of personal care products, including toothpaste, lotions and deodorant soaps

Answer 63

Triclosan

Question 64

is highly effective against Staph. aureus, but its use is limited because it can cause neurological damage

Answer 64

Hexachlorophene

Question 65

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Answer 65

benzalkonium chloride and cetyl peridium chloride