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microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are common side effects of all antibiotics

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea - all disrupt guts natural flora

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2
Q

side effects of gentamycin

A

Renal and vestibulocochlear

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3
Q

S.E of metronidazole?

A

reacts with alcohol

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4
Q

S.e of ciprofloxacin?

A

tendonitis

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5
Q

What antibiotics increase risk of C diff

A

avoid the 4 C’s

ciprofloxacin, cephalosporins, co-amoxiclav and clindamycin

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6
Q

What antibiotics are to be avoided in pregnancy

A

Trimethoprim and metronidazole are to be avoided in the first three months of pregnancy

Gentamycin, tetracycline and fluoroquinolones are to be avoided all together !!

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7
Q

Pathogen?

A

harmful organism

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8
Q

commensal?

A

organism that is part of the normal flora

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9
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

Only cause infection in the immunocompromised

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10
Q

Contaminant

A

organism that has gotten into a culture by accident

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11
Q

pathogenecity

A

ability of the microorganism to produce disease

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12
Q

virulence

A

the degree in which a pathogen can do harm

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13
Q

How does bacteria replicate?

A

binary fission - start off as one and then divide

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14
Q

What are the three types of atmosphere bacteria can grow in?

A

aerobic - in presence of oxygen
microaerophillic - reduced O2 increased CO2
anaerobic - without O2

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15
Q

What are the two different types of toxins?

A

Exotoxin - released from gram positive cell from within and exocytosed out

endotoxin - released from gram negative cell and is part of the cell wall

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16
Q

What do fungi like moulds and yeasts release? (what conditions can arise out of these)

A

moulds - spores and hyphae (aspergillus)

yeasts - single cells that reproduce by budding - candida

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17
Q

What is the antibiotic of choice for staph aureus

A

flucloxacillin

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18
Q

Describe the way in which a fever forms

A

antigen attacks macrophage
releases cytokines
travel up to the anterior hypothalamus of the brain
release prostaglandin E
increases body temp to above normal
body thinks its cold so starts to shiver
pathogens grow more slowly in increased heat

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19
Q

What is the first line antibiotic of coliforms?

A

gentamicin

20
Q

What is the first line treatment for infections caused by anaerobes?

A

Mentronidazole

21
Q

What are some properties of mycobacteria?

A

thixy waxy outer coat, involved in TB and ziehl neelson stain is used - acid fast bacilli

22
Q

What are the three different ways of gene transfer in bacteria?

A

Transformation - DNA from dead bacteria taken up by living bacteria and incorporated in the genetic part of cell

conjugation - sex plius produced by one bacteria through which a plasmid can be transferred

Transduction - viruses infecting bacteria can transfer bits of DNA from one bacteria to another

23
Q

What are the five I’s of infection?

A

mother to infant, inoculation, ingestion, inhalation and intercourse

24
Q

Describe the chain of infection

A

starts with infectious microbe, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transfer, portal of entry, susceptible host

25
Q

Define bactericidal and bacteriostatic

A

kill bacteria and inhibit bacteria growth

26
Q

What are the antibiotics that work on the cell wall?

A

Penecillin, cephalosporins (ceftriexone) and glycopeptides (vancomycin)

27
Q

Describe the cell wall of gram positive and negative organisms

A

positive - Cell wall has thick layer of peptidoglycan and a single phospholipid bilayer

negative - Cell wall has two phospholipid bilayers and a thin layer of peptidoglycan

28
Q

What does penicillin inhibit?
Is it bactericidal?
Is it a beta-lactam antibiotic

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis by preventing cross linking of peptodiglycan subunits

bactericidal

beta- lactam antibiotic

29
Q

When is flucloxacillin used?

A

Skin and wound infections, cellulitis

30
Q

What are some properties of cephalosporins?

inhibit what?

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis
bactericidal
beta lacatam
may induce C. diff

31
Q

Glycopeptides? (vancomycin) - cell wall what?

what are they only effective against?

A

cell wall active antibiotic binds to end growing chain - prevents cross linking and weakens bacterial cell wall
bactericidal
only effective against gram +ve

32
Q

What are the antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis?

A

macrolides (clarithromycin) - bacteriostatic
tetracyclines (doxycycline) - bacteriostatic
aminoglycodsides (gentamycin) - bactericidal

33
Q

When are macrolides particulary useful?

A

they are lipophyllic and especially useful for infections that hide from the hosts immune system

34
Q

What are some side effects of tetracyclines - doxy (broad spectrum)

A

Broad spectrum - destruct intestinal flora leading to an increased risk of secondary infection
can permanently stain the teeth of kids

35
Q

What are aminoglycosides mainly used for ?

A

gram negaives aerobes - coliforms and pseudomonas aeruginosa

36
Q

What are some antibiotics that work on bacterial DNA

A

metronidazole, trimethoprim and fluroquinolones

37
Q

When is metronidazole used?

A

true anaerobic infections - strand breakage of bacterial DNA

38
Q

How does trimethoprim work?

A

inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis

39
Q

How does a fluoroquinolone work?

A

Prevent supercoiling of bacterial DNA - restricted use due to C diff

40
Q

What are the 6 stages of viral replication?

A

attachment - interact with specific receptors in target cell
entry - endocytosis
uncoating - viral nucleic acid released from capsid
nucleic acid and protein synthesis - host ribosomes used + host polymerases
assembly - nucleic acid and proteins packed together
release - budding ( doesnt kill, virus released with envelope)
lysis - virus accumulates until cell burst - kills cell

41
Q

Why are cytotoxic T lymphocytes useful?

A

recognise proteins on cell surface as being foreign and will signal infect cell to commit suicide so virus doesn’t spread

42
Q

What is selective media?

A

specific substance that permits growth of one organism over anotehr

43
Q

Differential media

A

incorportation of chemicals that facillitate identification

44
Q

What is the process of becoming septic?

A

small blood vessles become leaky and loose fluid into surrounding tissue

lower blood volume requires heart to work harder to maintain oxygenation of tissues

less blood supply to vital organs

clotting system is activated which uses up clotting factors and increasing the risk of bleeding

45
Q

What is the structure of a virus

A

nucleic acid genome
protein capsid
lipid envelope associated with virus proteins

46
Q

How do you detect a viral infection

A

PCR - antigen swab test

host response - IgG or IgM

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