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Principles > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the composition of the cell?

A

Water – 80% (90% free/ unbound)

Protein – 15%

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2
Q

Define the term organelle and inclusion

A

Organelle - small, intracellular ‘organs’ with a specific function and structural organisation

Inclusion - dispensable they represent components that have been synthesised by the cell itself,

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3
Q

give some examples of organelles in the cytoplasm

A
  • Mitochondria - (energy production)
  • nucleus (Contains genetic code)
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (protein synthesis)
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum (cholesterol & lipid synthesis/ detoxification)
  • Golgi apparatus (modification & packaging of secretions)
  • lysosomes (hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion)
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4
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

determines shape and fluidity, made from thin and intermediate microtubules

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5
Q

What is the function of the plasmalemma?

A

Provides a selective, structural barrier between the cell and the outside wall

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6
Q

what is the structure of the plasmalemma?

A

Bimolecular layer of amphipathic (phospholipid phosphate end which is water loving and a fatty acid lipid end which is water hating) phospholipid molecules

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7
Q

Where does the hydrophobic fatty acid chain of the phospholipid molecules face?

A

Faces towards the middle of the two layers

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8
Q

give examples of integral proteins that the cell inserts into the membrane:

A

Receptors, channels, transporters, enzymes and cell attachment proteins

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9
Q

The plasmalemma has the ability to exocytose and endocytose material through the cell membrane, explain what this means

A

Endocytosis is the process of capturing a substance from outside the cell by engulfing it

Exocytosis describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell

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10
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

Compartments formed by a lipid bilayer separating its contents from the cytoplasm or a fluid-bases extracellular environment

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11
Q

Why are many membrane proteins not distributed equally within the cell membrane?

A

Many are anchored so not distributed equally

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12
Q

What does it mean when the cell is thought to be selectively permeable?

A
  • highly permeable to water, oxygen, small hydrophobic molecules
  • Virtually impermeable to charged ions (Na+)
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13
Q

what does the Plasmalemma’s phospholipid bilayer have embedded in it?

A

integral and peripheral proteins and cholesterol embedded in it

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14
Q

What are the three main classes of cytoskeletal proteins ?

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
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15
Q

Why are actin molecules so dynamic in cytoskeletal elements?

A

Can assemble into filaments and later dissociate

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16
Q

What is the function of an intermediate filament?

A

Bind intracellular elements together/to the plasmalemma

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17
Q

What are the classes of intermediate filaments used to identify?

A

tumour origins

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18
Q

Give some properties of microtubules:

A

can be assembled/ disassembled

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19
Q

Suggest the importance of microtubules:

Where do they originate from?

A

Serve as the ‘motorway’ network of the cell

originate from center called centrosome

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20
Q

Describe how the nucleus is enclosed

A

Nuclear envelope - composed of an inner and outer nuclear membrane with nuclear pores providing continuity with the cytoplasm

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21
Q

What lies in between these two nuclear sheets?

A

The perinuclear cistern

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22
Q

What is the outer layer of the nucleus studded with and what is it continuous with?

A

Ribosomes

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

Where is rRNA transcribed?

A

in the nucleus in a place called the nucleolus (nucleus contains chromosomes)

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24
Q

Describe the two different places in the nucleus that contain DNA

A
  • euchromatin (DNA that is more dispersed and actively undergoing transcription)
  • Heterochromatin (DNA that is highly condensed and not undergoing transcription)
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25
Q

Where are ribosomes formed?

A

Nucleous

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26
Q

How are ribosomes created?

A
  • A small subunit - which binds to RNA

- large subunits - catalyses the formation of peptide bonds

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27
Q

What does reticulum mean?

A

Net-like structure

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28
Q

What does the ER form?

A

a network of interconnecting membrane-bound compartments in the cell

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29
Q

What gives rough endoplasmic reticulum its name?

A

Studded with ribosomes

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30
Q

Describe the vital role the endoplasmic reticulum has

A

Synthesis of proteins

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31
Q

What is the function of a polysome?

A

synthesise free floating unpackaged proteins

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32
Q

What is the function of SER?

A

Continues processing of proteins produced in the RER

Role in the synthesis of lipids

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33
Q

What is the golgi complex composed of?

A

group of flattened, membrane bound cisternae, arranged in sub-compartments

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34
Q

How do golgi cisterns function?

A

transport vesicles arrive at the golgi

It modifies and packages macromolecules that were synthesised in the ER

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35
Q

Describe the shape of a mitochondria and describe their composition

A
  • oblong/ cylindrical organelles
  • Composed of an inner and outer membrane. Inner membrane is folded to form cristae - which act to increase available surface area
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36
Q

Why are mitochondria different from other organelles?

A

contain their own DNA and system for protein production

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37
Q

Define intercellular junctions, what type of cells are these particularly prominent in?

A

link individual cells together into a functional unit - prominent in epithelia

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38
Q

What are the three different types of junction?

A

1) Occluding junctions - link cells to form a barrier (AKA zonula occludens)
2) anchoring junctions - link sub-membranes actin bundles of adjacent cells (AKA Macula adherens)
3) Communicating junctions - allow movement of molecules between cells (AKA Zonula adherens)

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39
Q

Provide some characteristics of occluding junctions:

A
  • Prevent diffusion

- Appear as a focal region of close apposition between adjacent cell membranes

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40
Q

What do transmembrane cadherins do?

A

Bind to eachother and to the actin of the cytoskeleton

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41
Q

What are the function of desmosomes?

A

Link sub-membrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells (very common in the skin for mechanical stability)

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42
Q

Provide some characteristics of communication (gap) junctions:

A
  • selective diffusion of molecules between adjacent cells
  • each junction has a circular path studded with many pores
  • found in epithelia
43
Q

Define a junctional complex:

A

Close association of several types of junctions found in certain epithelial tissues

44
Q

list some ways material can move across the cell:

A
  • diffusion
  • Via transport proteins (pumps or channels)
  • incorporation into vesicles (vesicular transport)
45
Q

Outline the process of two types of vesicular transport (Endocytosis and phagocytosis)

A
  • Cell membrane invaginates, fuses and the newly made endocytotic vesicle (endosome) buds into the cell,
    Exocytosis works in reverse to discharge material

Phagocytosis - Bacterium binds to cell surface receptors triggering extensions of the cell to engulf it forming a phagosome. The phagosome binds with a lysosome carrying digestive enzymes producing a phagolysosome

46
Q

What is the inner cytosol?

A

solution of proteins,, electrolytes and carbs

47
Q

What are the stains used in medicine today?

A

H& E stain - haematoxylin (purple basic dye) and eosin (pink acidic dye)

48
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

Epithelium, connective tissue, muscle and nervous tissue

49
Q

What are some properties of the epithelium?

  • what do they cover and what do they contain?
A

Covers all surfaces of body, line hollow organs, form glands

all have basal lamina
non-vascular
usually polarised and apical and basal sides differ

50
Q

Define a few functions of the epithelium

A

mechanical barrier, chemical barrier, absorption and secretion

51
Q

What are the different cell shapes of the epithelium?

A

squamous - flattened, cuboidal - cube and columnar - tall and thin

52
Q

How do you define a cell according to the number or layers it has?

A

Simple - one layer
stratified - two or more layers
pseudostatified - appears to have multiple layers

53
Q

How can you classify a cell according to its surface and tissue specialisations?

A

prominent microvilli, cillia and keratinised

54
Q

What are the different glandular epithelia? (endocrine + exocrine)

A

Endocrine - product secreted towards basal end of cell
distributed by vascular system
DUCTLESS GLANDS

exocrine - product secreted towards apical end of cell - DUCTED GLANDS

55
Q

Why is connective tissue important?

A

forms framework of body, dynamic role in development, growth and homeostasis of tissues and energy storage

56
Q

what are the four types of connective tissue?

A

Soft connective tissue, hard and blood and lymph

57
Q

Provide some examples of soft connective tissue

what is the difference between dense regular and irregular

A

Tendons, ligaments, mesentery,
loose
dense regular = fibres aligned
dense irregular = fibres run in many directions

58
Q

Hard connective tissue?

A

bone and cartilage, strong, flexible compressible

59
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline- articular surface, tracheal rings
elastic
fibrocartilage

60
Q

What is the anatomy of the bone?

A

outer shell of cortical bone makes up shaft - diaphysis

trabecular bone occupies ends - epiphyses

61
Q

What some types of connective tissue cells?

A 
o	Cells
	Fibroblasts 
	Adipose cells 
	Osteocytes 
	Chondrocytes
62
Q

What are muscles and what is muscle force?

A
  • Specialised to generate force by contraction

- Force is movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres

63
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

what are some descriptions of them?

A

o Smooth – involuntary and non-striated

o Skeletal – voluntary and striated , multinucleated
 Nuclei are elongated and located at the periphery, just internal to cell membrane (sarcolemma)

o Cardiac – involuntary and striated
 Have intercalated discs – contain multiple intercellular junctions to maintain mechanical integrity

64
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of? What is its function?

A
  • Consists of neurons and their supporting cells (glia)

- allows for rapid communication between different parts of the body

65
Q

What is nervous tissue surrounded by?

Give some examples in the CNS and PNS

A

connective tissue coat - meningies in CNS and epinerium in the PNS

66
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

 Support and ion transport

67
Q

o Oligodendrocytes

A

 Produce myelin

68
Q

o Microglia

A

 Provide immune surveillance

69
Q

o Schwann cells (PNS)

A

 Produce myelin and support axons

70
Q

What are the different salivary glands? - what kind of ducts do they contain?

A

o Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

o Striated ducts

71
Q

What are the four major layers of the ailementary canal

A

mucosa - epithelium(basal lamina), lamina propria(loose connective tissue), muscularis mucosa( thin layer smooth muscle),
submucosa(loose connective tissue),
muscularis externa (inner circular and outer longitudinal layer),
adventitia - outer layer of digestive tract

72
Q

what is protective mucosa and where is it found?

A
  • Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

o Oral cavity
o Pharynx
o Oesophagus
o Anal canal

73
Q

What is absorptive mucosa and where is it found?

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands

o Small intestine

74
Q

secretory muscosa?

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands - stomach
75
Q

Protective and Absorptive mucosa?

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands - large intestine
76
Q

What are teniae coli?

A

outer longitudinal layer is not continuous and is found in 3 muscular strips

77
Q

What is the nervous system called in the digestive tract?

A

enteric nervous system

78
Q

How can you differentiate between bronchus and bronchioles?

A

o Bronchus – large diameter airways with hyaline cartilage in their wall
o Bronchioles – small airways, no cartilage, mainly smooth muscle

79
Q

What is the alveoli lined with?

A

o Lined by simple squamous epithelium

80
Q

What does blood consist of?

What are some descriptions of RBC and WBC?

A

55% plasma and 45% cells
RBC = no nucleus - lifespan of 4 months - 7um in diameter
WDC = neutrophils, eosiniphils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes

81
Q

what are the three different layers of arteries? - provide some descriptions of each

A

tunica intima - extends to internal elastic membrane (endothelium- simple sqaumous epithelium)

tunica media - smooth muscle, extends to external elastic membrane

tunica adventia - supporting connective tissue

82
Q

What is the structure of an arteriole?

A

 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media and almost no adventitia

83
Q

What are some properties of capillaries?

A

endothelial cells and a basal lamina

contain pericyes that are connective tissue cells with contractile properties

84
Q

What are the three types of capilaries?

A

fenestrated - pores (gut mucosa, endocrine glands)
continuous - muscle, nerve skin
sinusoidal - large gaps - liver, spleen, bone marrow

85
Q

What is the structure of a vein and what do venules contain?

A

 Tunica intima, thin continuous tunica media and a few layers of smooth muscle cells
 Large veins have thick tunica adventitia

venules - Endothelium and pericytes

86
Q

When is there the most elastic fibres in the tunica media

A

In the aorta because smooth muscle has been replaced to allow significantly more stretch

87
Q

When is a vasa vasorum present?

A

large arteries - have their own vascular supply due to malnutrition of the the vessel

88
Q

What is microvasculature?

A

small arteriole connected to a post capillary venule

precapilary sphincters help control blood flow

89
Q

In a centrifuge what is the order of cells found from top to bottom?

A

plasma is found at the top then the red blood cells

90
Q

what is a neutrophil

What does the cytoplasm of neutrophil contain?

A

most common leukocyte

cytoplasm contains many granules but these stain poorly with either acidic or basic dyes (neutro)

91
Q

What type of nucleus does a neutrophil have?

A

Multi-lobed nucleus

92
Q

What does the cytoplasm of an eosinophil contain?

A

prominent granules that have an affinity for red acidic dye eosin(hence eosiniphils)

93
Q

What is the shape of an eosiophil’s nucleus?

A

bilobed nucleus

94
Q

What are eosinophils useful for ?

A

inducing and maintaining inflammation, particularly in allergic reactions
important in parasitic infection

95
Q

What is an eosinophil life span?

A

released from marrow 8-12 hours and then move into tissue where they live

96
Q

What is the life span of a neutrophil

A

abundant and short lived so made a lot by bone marrow

97
Q

What is the cytoplasm like in a basophil?

A

granules have an affinity for the basic dyes (hence basophils)

98
Q

What is the purpose of basophils and what does their nucleus look like?

A

Effector cells in allergic reactions

they have a bilobed nucleus

99
Q

What are monocytes? - what does their nucleus look like?

A

precursor of tissue macrophages, largest cell circulating the blood

nucleus often appears kidney bean shaped - non-lobulated nucleus

100
Q

What is the nucleus like in a lymphocyte?

A

round nucleus surrounded by thin to moderate rim of cytoplasm that does not have visible granules

101
Q

Where do T cells differentiate from?

A

in the thymus

102
Q

Why are platelets important?

A

small cell fragments that play a key role in the prevention of blood loss

103
Q

Where is the main site of blood formation?

A

In the bone marrow,

Principles (10 decks)

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