Anatomy Flashcards
Provide some examples of a dorsal surface (wrist, hand, tongue and foot)
posterior surface of wrist
posterior surface of hand
post surf of tongue
supferior surface of foot
What is the opposite of the dorsal surfaces mentioned? (wrist, hand, arm and foot)
Volar - anterior surface of wrist
palmar - anterior surface of hand
ventral - anterior surface of arm
planter - interior surface of foot
Define uni and ipsilateral
found on one side of the body
ipsilateral - found on the same side
What is a good landmark for flexion and extension?
Anything above the knee is flexion and below is extension
What is circumduction?
Circular motion
Eversion?
Rotates away from medial plane
Inversion
The sole of foot rotes towards medial plane
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
Distribution of gas , chemical signalling, thermoregulation and mediate inflammation and host defences
What are the 3 layers of the heart and what do they contain?
Epicardium - visceral serous pericardium
myocardium - cardiac muscle layer
endocardium - continuos with the endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart
Describe the journey of blood from an artery to a vein
Artery, arteriole, capillaries, venules then to veins
What are the 3 layers that make up a blood vessel?
Tunica intima - endothelium
Tunica media - Smooth muscle and elastic fibres
Tunica adventitia - connective tissue
Define common/trunk
indicates that the named artery will definitely divide again
What is a terriotory?
A region of the body supplied by a single artery and its branches
Outline the process of vasodialtion and vasoconstriction (smooth muscle)
VD - smooth muscle relaxes and widens the luminal opening allowing for more blood to flow
constriction - smooth muscle contracts and narrows the luminal opening and decreases the available blood to flow
What is sympathetic tone?
Background, low level of contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles
arteriolar smooth muscle contraction help reduce blood flow on injury
What is an anastamoses?
Arteies connect with each other without an intervening capillary network
What are collaterals?
Alternative routes - collaterals bleed from both sides of the cut so the haemorrhage can be worse
Define end artery and infarction
End artery - the only artery that is supplying a specific organ
infarction - irreversible tissue death due to hypoxia caused by loss of arterial blood supply
What are the four parts of the aorta?
Ascending aorta - 2 branches (left and right coronary artery)
arch of aorta - 3 branches
Thoracic aorta - numerous
Abdominal aorta - 3 unpaired midline branches & others
Describe the 3 branches of the arch of the aorta
Brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian (runs below clavicle)
Describe the location of some peripheral pulses
Carotid pulse brachial artery radial artery femoral artery popliteal artery dorsalis pedis
What are some basics of veins?
De oxygenated blood, Drain blood away from a territory
thin walled and collapsed when empty and contain valves
What are the 3 factors of Venus return?
1 - valves, ensure blood flows back to heart and they work against gravity
2- skeletal muscle pump, contraction of skeletal muscle of lower limbs
3 - venae comitantes, small veins run in pairs or more with an artery in a sheath, arterial pulsation pushes venous blood along
What are the 2 sets of vein ?
superficial - smaller and run within superficial fascia then drain into
DEEP veins that run deep to fasciae and in cavities often in NVB
What do capillaries form?
What are they lined with?
How many RBC are allowed through at a time?
What do they exchange?
Form extensive vascular networks
lined with single layer of endothelium
narrow lumen only allowing one red blood cell through at a time
Exchange of gases metabolites and waste products
What do lymphatic capillaries do?
where do they carry lymph to?
Where does it return to?
Collect tissue fluid - fluid that normally leaks out when blood flows through capillary bed
carry lymph through lymph nodes - white blood cells to filter out infection
eventually lymph is retuned into the central veins in the root of the neck
What do the right and thoracic duct drain?
Right lymphatic duct - drains into the right venous angle
thoracic duct - drains lymph into the left venous angle
When can lymph nodes be palpated?
When they are fighting infection or being taken over by a spreading (metastatic) cancer
What is present in the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
axial - bones of skull, neck and trunk (down the middle of the body all the way to the sacrum)
Appendicular - pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limb
What are the bones of the hand?
Carpal bones - wrist
metacarpals - palm
phalanges - fingers
What are the two long bones in the leg?
Tibia and fibula
What are the bones of the foot?
Tarsal bones - hindfoot/midfoot
Matatarsals - forefoot
Phalanges - forefoot+ toes
What are some bony features?
Adjacent structure - tendon, nerve etc applies a force to the developing bone to mould its shape correctly- bone has to grow around the other structure forming a foramen
What makes up the skeleton?
What are bones and what is their function?
where is cartilage located?
Bones and cartilage together
bones - hard connective tissue:
support and protection, calcium metabolism, RBC formation, attachment for skeletal muscles
Cartilage - located where mobility is required at articulations (joints)
How does the skeleton move?
occurs at joints - skeletal muscle contracts to move the bones
What are the different types of joints?
Synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous
What is the nerve supply and arterial supply of joints like?
what type of sensations are felt?
why are periarticular anastomoses important?
Excellent sensory nerve supply
sensations detected are - pain, touch, temperature, proprioception
peri articular anastomoses are common arteries can be damaged and dangerously compromise blood flow
What is the advantage to having a long muscle fibre (in skeletal muscle)
Greater the potential range of shortening, greater potential range of movement produced at a joint
What are the requirements of attachment of skeletal muscle and what can they do?
origin on one side of joint and insertion on the other side
move the origin and insertion closer together
What is an aponeurosis?
Flattened tendon - flat muscles, attach muscle to soft tissue rather than to bone
What do tendons do?
Attach muscle to the bone - non-contractile
What permits circumduction of the shoulder?
Shallow socket of the glenoid fossa of the scapula
What are the two main types of reflexes?
Protective (rapid, involuntary) + automatic (movement made unconsciously by nervous system and muscle)
What are the 3 main reflexes involving skeletal muscles?
Stretch, deep tendon)reflex arc and flexion withdrawal reflex
stretch reflex - knee jerk, protective against over stretching so will contract
deep tendon reflex - sensory nerve tells spinal cord, then motor nerve from spinal cord sends message back to the muscle to contract
- the reflex arc
flexion withdrawal reflex - touch something potentially damaging and sudden flexion to withdraw from danger
What is the definition of paralysis?
Muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply
cannot contract
reduced tone
Define spasticity
The muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve
descending controls from brain are not working
muscle would have increased tone
What happens during normal fertilisation?
Ovum from ovary to ampulla of uterine tube - many spermatozoa from testis to vagina
Where is the pelvic cavity found?
Where does it lie within?
Between the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet - lies within the bony pelvis
What is the pelvic floor?
What does it separate?
Internal wall of skeletal muscle - separates pelvic cavity and perineum
what is the perineum?
Where is it found?
Inferior to pelvic floor - between proximal parts of lower limbs
What forms the pelvic roof?
Formed by parietal peritoneum
What is the parietal peritoneum?
Lining of abdominal cavity, firmly attached to walls and drapes over pelvic viscera
What is the pouch of douglas?
rectouterine pouch
What are female reproductive organs?
Ovaries
asscessory = uterine tubes, uterus and vagina
What does the body of the uterus consist of?
Perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
Where does fertilisation and implantation take place?
Fertilisation occurs in ampulla
implantation occurs in the body of the uterus
What is the sequence of events of menstruation?
ova develops in ovaries
each menstrual cycle, 1 ovum is released into the peritoneal cavity
ovum is gathered by fimbriae into infundibulum of uterine tube
moved along uterine tube by cilia
during menstruation, unfertilised ovum is expelled by contractions of the myometrium
What is ectopic pregnancy?
Fertilised ovum implants outwith the uterine cavity
danger = a potential haemorrhage
How is a female made sterile?
tubal ligation - both uterine tubes, clipped cut or cauterised
this then blocks the lumen
Anatomical position of the penis
Erect
How do the testes develop?
Originate on the posterior wall of the abdomen, by birth they have descended into scrotum
through anterior abdominal wall - inguinal canal
What is the tube that sperm passes through follows the testis into scrotum?
Vas deferens
Vas connects the testis to the urethra
What does the spermatic cord contain?
Vas D
Testicular artery and pampiniform plexus of veins
What does the torsion of testes involve?
Twisting of spermatic cord
disrupts blood supply
severe pain
danger of testicular necrosis
What happens to the penis during erection?
3 cylinders of erectile tissue become filled with blood at arterial pressure during erection
What is the primary reproductive organ of the male
the testes - secondary; vas D, seminal glands, prostate gland and penis
What is a vasectomy?
Vas deferns is transected & its lumen sutured closed
What is the difference between the CNS and the ANS
CNS - brain, spinal cord and central controller
ANS - all other nervous tissue not contained in the CNS
What are the collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS and the PNS
What is a neurone?
CNS - nucleus
PNS - ganglion
neurone - basic unit of the nervous system
What are nerves?
Bundles of axons, wrapped in connective tissue
bundles of axons can leave as branches
What are the 6 different modalities to conduction of action potentials
A single nerve fibre can only conduct action potentials in relation to one of the following modalities: - somatic sensory function - somatic motor function special sensory visceral afferent sympathetic parasympathetic
Motor ?
Action potential towards body wall, body cavity or organ
What is a Sensory nerve?
Action potential towards brain
What does the brain consist of?
Outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres - cortex that consists of gyri and sulci
What are the cranial nerves and what is their modality
Olfactory - sensory Optic - sensory Ocular motor - Motor trochlear - Motor trigeminal - Both Abducens - Motor Facial - both Vestibucochlear - sensory Glossopharngeal - both vagus - both spinal accessory - motor hypoglossal - motor
What are the four sections of the spinal cord?
Cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral/ coccygeal
Protected by vertebral canal and passes through foramen magnum
How are the four sections of the spinal cord split up?
8 Cervical - C1-8 12 thoracic T1-T12 5 Lumbar - L1-L5 5 Sacral S1-5 1 coccygeal - Co
Where does the spinal cord end? - what is this called?
L1/L2 disc level - conus medullaris
What is the cauda equina?
Lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots have to descend in the vertebral canal to their respective intervertebral formainae
How are spinal nerves named?
According to the vertebrae above them apart from cervical region where they are names according to the vertebrae below it
What do spinal nerves supply?
Where are they located?
How do they connect with structures of the soma and spinal cord?
Spinal nerves supply soma (body wall)
Located only within the intervertebral foramina
from the intervertebral foramina they connect with - structures of the soma via rami, spinal cord via roots and rootlets
What does each pair of spinal nerve supply?
One strip of soma
posterior rami - supply posterior strip
anterior rami - supply the remainder of the posterior part, the lateral and the anterior parts of the strips
supply all limbs
What are dermatomes?
Area of skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior rami of the spinal nerve
What are the different types of sensation? and receptors for these
Touch, vibration proprioception ( mechanoreceptors)
temperature - thermoreceptors
pain - nociceptors
Detail what happens if L2 dermatome is touched
mechanoreceptors, AP, lumbar plexus, same axons, posterior horn, midline
somatic sensory mechanoreceptors in L2 dermatome are stimulated
- APs conducted along axons within the L2 anterior ramus
- the same L2 axons weave their way through the lumbar plexus to the L2 spinal nerve
- APs conducted via the same axons which pass through the dorsal (posterior) root ganglion, the dorsal (posterior) roots and dorsal (posterior) rootlets
- APs arrive at the posterior horn of the L2 spinal cord segment
- AP’s cross over the midline and then ascend towards the brain
L2 dermatome in terms of motor
cross over, Anterior rootlets, synapse
somatic motor axons cross over in brainstem then descend to the anterior horn
- APs conducted along axons within anterior rootlets, then anterior roots, then into spinal nerves
- Synapse onto skeletal muscle of lower limb
skeletal muscles contract and move the lower limb
Whats in the ANS?
inculdes: Viscera, glands, smooth cardiac muscle
What do sensory neurones do?
Sense internal environment - organ sensory nerves called visceral afferents
What is dual motor control?
Many internal organs have both a sympathetic and para nerve supply - accelerator or brake
What does the sympathetic division of the ANS supply?
All internal organs, supplies body wall organs and arterioles
Describe the process of sympathetic outflow
Spinal cord, Exits spinal cord, travel to chains, pass into spinal nerves, supplies body wall structures, hitch a ride and travels via… to reach organs
Passes down spinal cord
Exits spinal cord with T1-L2 spinal nerves - lateral horns
Travel to sympathetic chains running the length of vertebral column
Pass into all spinal nerves
Anterior & posterior rami
To supply body wall structures (skin, sweat glands, arterioles)
‘Hitch a ride’ with arteries to all head and neck organs and skin
Travel via splanchnic nerves to reach organs
What does the parasympathetic division of ANS supply?
same internal organs as sympathetic, but does not supply body wall organs or arterioles
Where do parasympathetic nerves leave?
Leave CNS via cranial nerves 3, 7 9 and 10 via sacral spinal nerves
What does the vagus nerve supply?
organs of the neck, chest and abdomen as far as the mid-gut
What do sacral spinal nerves do?
Carry parasympathetic axons to hindgut, pelvis and perineum
What does somatic mean?
Body wall
What is a coronal suture? (joint)
Fibrous joint
Give an example of a hinge type joint
Sternoclavicular joint
What type of joint is an elbow joint?
Saddle type joint
classify these joints:
1) Interosseous membrane of the forearm
2) Pubic symphysis
3) Intervertebral disc
Fibrous joint
Secondary cartilaginous joint
Primary cartilaginous joint
Where is the male nipple located?
Level of T4 vertebrae
when does the trachea bifuracate?
At the level or T4/5
1) Supplies mechanoreceptors to the upper respiratory tract
2) Controls contraction of the diaphragm during the inspiratory phase
3) Controls contraction and relaxation of its respective intercostal muscle
Vagus nerve
Phrenic nerve
Intercostal nerve
