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Principles > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Provide some examples of a dorsal surface (wrist, hand, tongue and foot)

A

posterior surface of wrist
posterior surface of hand
post surf of tongue
supferior surface of foot

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2
Q

What is the opposite of the dorsal surfaces mentioned? (wrist, hand, arm and foot)

A

Volar - anterior surface of wrist
palmar - anterior surface of hand
ventral - anterior surface of arm
planter - interior surface of foot

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3
Q

Define uni and ipsilateral

A

found on one side of the body

ipsilateral - found on the same side

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4
Q

What is a good landmark for flexion and extension?

A

Anything above the knee is flexion and below is extension

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5
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Circular motion

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6
Q

Eversion?

A

Rotates away from medial plane

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7
Q

Inversion

A

The sole of foot rotes towards medial plane

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8
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A

Distribution of gas , chemical signalling, thermoregulation and mediate inflammation and host defences

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart and what do they contain?

A

Epicardium - visceral serous pericardium
myocardium - cardiac muscle layer
endocardium - continuos with the endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart

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10
Q

Describe the journey of blood from an artery to a vein

A

Artery, arteriole, capillaries, venules then to veins

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11
Q

What are the 3 layers that make up a blood vessel?

A

Tunica intima - endothelium
Tunica media - Smooth muscle and elastic fibres
Tunica adventitia - connective tissue

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12
Q

Define common/trunk

A

indicates that the named artery will definitely divide again

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13
Q

What is a terriotory?

A

A region of the body supplied by a single artery and its branches

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14
Q

Outline the process of vasodialtion and vasoconstriction (smooth muscle)

A

VD - smooth muscle relaxes and widens the luminal opening allowing for more blood to flow

constriction - smooth muscle contracts and narrows the luminal opening and decreases the available blood to flow

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15
Q

What is sympathetic tone?

A

Background, low level of contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles

arteriolar smooth muscle contraction help reduce blood flow on injury

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16
Q

What is an anastamoses?

A

Arteies connect with each other without an intervening capillary network

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17
Q

What are collaterals?

A

Alternative routes - collaterals bleed from both sides of the cut so the haemorrhage can be worse

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18
Q

Define end artery and infarction

A

End artery - the only artery that is supplying a specific organ

infarction - irreversible tissue death due to hypoxia caused by loss of arterial blood supply

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19
Q

What are the four parts of the aorta?

A

Ascending aorta - 2 branches (left and right coronary artery)

arch of aorta - 3 branches

Thoracic aorta - numerous

Abdominal aorta - 3 unpaired midline branches & others

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20
Q

Describe the 3 branches of the arch of the aorta

A

Brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian (runs below clavicle)

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21
Q

Describe the location of some peripheral pulses

A 
Carotid pulse 
brachial artery 
radial artery 
femoral artery 
popliteal artery 
dorsalis pedis
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22
Q

What are some basics of veins?

A

De oxygenated blood, Drain blood away from a territory

thin walled and collapsed when empty and contain valves

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23
Q

What are the 3 factors of Venus return?

A

1 - valves, ensure blood flows back to heart and they work against gravity

2- skeletal muscle pump, contraction of skeletal muscle of lower limbs

3 - venae comitantes, small veins run in pairs or more with an artery in a sheath, arterial pulsation pushes venous blood along

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24
Q

What are the 2 sets of vein ?

A

superficial - smaller and run within superficial fascia then drain into
DEEP veins that run deep to fasciae and in cavities often in NVB

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25
Q

What do capillaries form?

What are they lined with?

How many RBC are allowed through at a time?

What do they exchange?

A

Form extensive vascular networks

lined with single layer of endothelium

narrow lumen only allowing one red blood cell through at a time

Exchange of gases metabolites and waste products

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26
Q

What do lymphatic capillaries do?

where do they carry lymph to?

Where does it return to?

A

Collect tissue fluid - fluid that normally leaks out when blood flows through capillary bed

carry lymph through lymph nodes - white blood cells to filter out infection

eventually lymph is retuned into the central veins in the root of the neck

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27
Q

What do the right and thoracic duct drain?

A

Right lymphatic duct - drains into the right venous angle

thoracic duct - drains lymph into the left venous angle

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28
Q

When can lymph nodes be palpated?

A

When they are fighting infection or being taken over by a spreading (metastatic) cancer

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29
Q

What is present in the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

A

axial - bones of skull, neck and trunk (down the middle of the body all the way to the sacrum)

Appendicular - pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limb

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30
Q

What are the bones of the hand?

A

Carpal bones - wrist
metacarpals - palm
phalanges - fingers

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31
Q

What are the two long bones in the leg?

A

Tibia and fibula

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32
Q

What are the bones of the foot?

A

Tarsal bones - hindfoot/midfoot
Matatarsals - forefoot
Phalanges - forefoot+ toes

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33
Q

What are some bony features?

A

Adjacent structure - tendon, nerve etc applies a force to the developing bone to mould its shape correctly- bone has to grow around the other structure forming a foramen

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34
Q

What makes up the skeleton?

What are bones and what is their function?

where is cartilage located?

A

Bones and cartilage together

bones - hard connective tissue:
support and protection, calcium metabolism, RBC formation, attachment for skeletal muscles

Cartilage - located where mobility is required at articulations (joints)

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35
Q

How does the skeleton move?

A

occurs at joints - skeletal muscle contracts to move the bones

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36
Q

What are the different types of joints?

A

Synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous

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37
Q

What is the nerve supply and arterial supply of joints like?

what type of sensations are felt?

why are periarticular anastomoses important?

A

Excellent sensory nerve supply

sensations detected are - pain, touch, temperature, proprioception

peri articular anastomoses are common arteries can be damaged and dangerously compromise blood flow

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38
Q

What is the advantage to having a long muscle fibre (in skeletal muscle)

A

Greater the potential range of shortening, greater potential range of movement produced at a joint

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39
Q

What are the requirements of attachment of skeletal muscle and what can they do?

A

origin on one side of joint and insertion on the other side

move the origin and insertion closer together

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40
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Flattened tendon - flat muscles, attach muscle to soft tissue rather than to bone

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41
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Attach muscle to the bone - non-contractile

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42
Q

What permits circumduction of the shoulder?

A

Shallow socket of the glenoid fossa of the scapula

43
Q

What are the two main types of reflexes?

A

Protective (rapid, involuntary) + automatic (movement made unconsciously by nervous system and muscle)

44
Q

What are the 3 main reflexes involving skeletal muscles?

Stretch, deep tendon)reflex arc and flexion withdrawal reflex

A

stretch reflex - knee jerk, protective against over stretching so will contract

deep tendon reflex - sensory nerve tells spinal cord, then motor nerve from spinal cord sends message back to the muscle to contract
- the reflex arc

flexion withdrawal reflex - touch something potentially damaging and sudden flexion to withdraw from danger

45
Q

What is the definition of paralysis?

A

Muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply
cannot contract
reduced tone

46
Q

Define spasticity

A

The muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve
descending controls from brain are not working
muscle would have increased tone

47
Q

What happens during normal fertilisation?

A

Ovum from ovary to ampulla of uterine tube - many spermatozoa from testis to vagina

48
Q

Where is the pelvic cavity found?

Where does it lie within?

A

Between the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet - lies within the bony pelvis

49
Q

What is the pelvic floor?

What does it separate?

A

Internal wall of skeletal muscle - separates pelvic cavity and perineum

50
Q

what is the perineum?

Where is it found?

A

Inferior to pelvic floor - between proximal parts of lower limbs

51
Q

What forms the pelvic roof?

A

Formed by parietal peritoneum

52
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum?

A

Lining of abdominal cavity, firmly attached to walls and drapes over pelvic viscera

53
Q

What is the pouch of douglas?

A

rectouterine pouch

54
Q

What are female reproductive organs?

A

Ovaries

asscessory = uterine tubes, uterus and vagina

55
Q

What does the body of the uterus consist of?

A

Perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

56
Q

Where does fertilisation and implantation take place?

A

Fertilisation occurs in ampulla

implantation occurs in the body of the uterus

57
Q

What is the sequence of events of menstruation?

A

ova develops in ovaries

each menstrual cycle, 1 ovum is released into the peritoneal cavity

ovum is gathered by fimbriae into infundibulum of uterine tube

moved along uterine tube by cilia

during menstruation, unfertilised ovum is expelled by contractions of the myometrium

58
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy?

A

Fertilised ovum implants outwith the uterine cavity

danger = a potential haemorrhage

59
Q

How is a female made sterile?

A

tubal ligation - both uterine tubes, clipped cut or cauterised
this then blocks the lumen

60
Q

Anatomical position of the penis

A

Erect

61
Q

How do the testes develop?

A

Originate on the posterior wall of the abdomen, by birth they have descended into scrotum

through anterior abdominal wall - inguinal canal

62
Q

What is the tube that sperm passes through follows the testis into scrotum?

A

Vas deferens

Vas connects the testis to the urethra

63
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

Vas D

Testicular artery and pampiniform plexus of veins

64
Q

What does the torsion of testes involve?

A

Twisting of spermatic cord
disrupts blood supply
severe pain
danger of testicular necrosis

65
Q

What happens to the penis during erection?

A

3 cylinders of erectile tissue become filled with blood at arterial pressure during erection

66
Q

What is the primary reproductive organ of the male

A

the testes - secondary; vas D, seminal glands, prostate gland and penis

67
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

Vas deferns is transected & its lumen sutured closed

68
Q

What is the difference between the CNS and the ANS

A

CNS - brain, spinal cord and central controller

ANS - all other nervous tissue not contained in the CNS

69
Q

What are the collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS and the PNS

What is a neurone?

A

CNS - nucleus
PNS - ganglion

neurone - basic unit of the nervous system

70
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundles of axons, wrapped in connective tissue

bundles of axons can leave as branches

71
Q

What are the 6 different modalities to conduction of action potentials

A 
A single nerve fibre can only conduct action potentials in relation to one of the following modalities:
- somatic sensory function 
- somatic motor function 
special sensory 
visceral afferent 
sympathetic 
parasympathetic
72
Q

Motor ?

A

Action potential towards body wall, body cavity or organ

73
Q

What is a Sensory nerve?

A

Action potential towards brain

74
Q

What does the brain consist of?

A

Outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres - cortex that consists of gyri and sulci

75
Q

What are the cranial nerves and what is their modality

A 
Olfactory - sensory 
Optic - sensory 
Ocular motor - Motor 
trochlear - Motor 
trigeminal - Both 
Abducens - Motor 
Facial - both 
Vestibucochlear - sensory 
Glossopharngeal - both 
vagus - both 
spinal accessory - motor 
hypoglossal - motor
76
Q

What are the four sections of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral/ coccygeal

Protected by vertebral canal and passes through foramen magnum

77
Q

How are the four sections of the spinal cord split up?

A 
8 Cervical - C1-8 
12 thoracic T1-T12 
5 Lumbar - L1-L5 
5 Sacral S1-5 
1 coccygeal - Co
78
Q

Where does the spinal cord end? - what is this called?

A

L1/L2 disc level - conus medullaris

79
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots have to descend in the vertebral canal to their respective intervertebral formainae

80
Q

How are spinal nerves named?

A

According to the vertebrae above them apart from cervical region where they are names according to the vertebrae below it

81
Q

What do spinal nerves supply?

Where are they located?

How do they connect with structures of the soma and spinal cord?

A

Spinal nerves supply soma (body wall)

Located only within the intervertebral foramina

from the intervertebral foramina they connect with - structures of the soma via rami, spinal cord via roots and rootlets

82
Q

What does each pair of spinal nerve supply?

A

One strip of soma

posterior rami - supply posterior strip

anterior rami - supply the remainder of the posterior part, the lateral and the anterior parts of the strips

supply all limbs

83
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Area of skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior rami of the spinal nerve

84
Q

What are the different types of sensation? and receptors for these

A

Touch, vibration proprioception ( mechanoreceptors)
temperature - thermoreceptors
pain - nociceptors

85
Q

Detail what happens if L2 dermatome is touched

mechanoreceptors, AP, lumbar plexus, same axons, posterior horn, midline

A

somatic sensory mechanoreceptors in L2 dermatome are stimulated

  • APs conducted along axons within the L2 anterior ramus
  • the same L2 axons weave their way through the lumbar plexus to the L2 spinal nerve
  • APs conducted via the same axons which pass through the dorsal (posterior) root ganglion, the dorsal (posterior) roots and dorsal (posterior) rootlets
  • APs arrive at the posterior horn of the L2 spinal cord segment
  • AP’s cross over the midline and then ascend towards the brain
86
Q

L2 dermatome in terms of motor

cross over, Anterior rootlets, synapse

A

somatic motor axons cross over in brainstem then descend to the anterior horn

  • APs conducted along axons within anterior rootlets, then anterior roots, then into spinal nerves
  • Synapse onto skeletal muscle of lower limb
    skeletal muscles contract and move the lower limb
87
Q

Whats in the ANS?

A

inculdes: Viscera, glands, smooth cardiac muscle

88
Q

What do sensory neurones do?

A

Sense internal environment - organ sensory nerves called visceral afferents

89
Q

What is dual motor control?

A

Many internal organs have both a sympathetic and para nerve supply - accelerator or brake

90
Q

What does the sympathetic division of the ANS supply?

A

All internal organs, supplies body wall organs and arterioles

91
Q

Describe the process of sympathetic outflow
Spinal cord, Exits spinal cord, travel to chains, pass into spinal nerves, supplies body wall structures, hitch a ride and travels via… to reach organs

A

Passes down spinal cord

Exits spinal cord with T1-L2 spinal nerves - lateral horns

Travel to sympathetic chains running the length of vertebral column

Pass into all spinal nerves
Anterior & posterior rami
To supply body wall structures (skin, sweat glands, arterioles)

‘Hitch a ride’ with arteries to all head and neck organs and skin

Travel via splanchnic nerves to reach organs

92
Q

What does the parasympathetic division of ANS supply?

A

same internal organs as sympathetic, but does not supply body wall organs or arterioles

93
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves leave?

A

Leave CNS via cranial nerves 3, 7 9 and 10 via sacral spinal nerves

94
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply?

A

organs of the neck, chest and abdomen as far as the mid-gut

95
Q

What do sacral spinal nerves do?

A

Carry parasympathetic axons to hindgut, pelvis and perineum

96
Q

What does somatic mean?

A

Body wall

97
Q

What is a coronal suture? (joint)

A

Fibrous joint

98
Q

Give an example of a hinge type joint

A

Sternoclavicular joint

99
Q

What type of joint is an elbow joint?

A

Saddle type joint

100
Q

classify these joints:

1) Interosseous membrane of the forearm
2) Pubic symphysis
3) Intervertebral disc

A

Fibrous joint

Secondary cartilaginous joint

Primary cartilaginous joint

101
Q

Where is the male nipple located?

A

Level of T4 vertebrae

102
Q

when does the trachea bifuracate?

A

At the level or T4/5

103
Q

1) Supplies mechanoreceptors to the upper respiratory tract
2) Controls contraction of the diaphragm during the inspiratory phase
3) Controls contraction and relaxation of its respective intercostal muscle

A

Vagus nerve

Phrenic nerve

Intercostal nerve

Principles (10 decks)

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