Microbiology

Question 1

What colour do gram positive microbials stain?

Answer 1

Purple

Question 2

What colour do gram negative microbials stain?

Answer 2

Pink/red

Question 3

Define aerobic

Answer 3

Needs oxygen

Question 4

Define capnophilic

Answer 4

Needs carbon dioxide

Question 5

Define facultative

Answer 5

Can survive with or without oxygen

Question 6

Define strictly anaerobic

Answer 6

without oxygen. Oxygen can be toxic

Question 7

What antibiotic only targets strict anaerobes?

Answer 7

Metronidazole

Question 8

Define antimicrobial resistance

Answer 8

Antimicrobial resistance occurs when micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change in ways that render the medications used to cure the infections they cause ineffective

Question 9

What are the two types of resistance genes?

Answer 9

• Intrinsic

- Aquired (mutation over a period of time. Acquisition of new DNA)

Question 10

What are the three mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance?

Answer 10

• Altered target site (such as modified binding proteins)
• Enzymatic inactivation (enzymes either destroy antibiotics or alter to prevent binding)
• Decreased uptake

Question 11

What are carbapenems?

Answer 11

A forcefield generator that protects beta-lactam (BL; new class of antibiotic)

Question 12

In regards to oral infections, what must be recorded in a patients notes?

Answer 12

• Diagnosis.
• Antibiotic choice, dose, route (oral), and duration
• Review date (24/48 hours)
• Document any deviation from the guidance

Question 13

How is sepsis defined?

Answer 13

Defined as the presence of infection and SIRS

Question 14

What is SIRS

Answer 14

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

Two or more required; Temp <36 or > 38. Respiratory rate >20 per minute. Pulse > 90 per minute. WCC <4 or >12

Question 15

Define sepsis

Answer 15

Life threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection

Question 16

Define septic shock

Answer 16

Subset of sepsis with circulatory and cellular/metabolic dysfunction associated with higher risk of mortality

Question 17

When seeking a second opinion on diagnosis, what is needed?

Answer 17

• Prior to conversation ensure that all patient details are to hand
• Ensure conversation is held in a place that doesn’t compromise patient confidentiality.
• Summarise the significant points in the history
• Supply a description of the pathology according to its anatomical location, structures involves and size of lesion (avoid non specific terms such as small/large)
• Outline areas of specific concern, localised infection or systemic signs of infection, trismus, difficulty breathing, temperature etc