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P2 ICS > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathogen

A

Organism that causes disease

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2
Q

Define commensal

A

Organisms that are part of the hosts flora but in normal circumstances are non-pathogenic

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3
Q

Define opportunist pathogen

A

Microbe that only causes disease if host defences are compromised eg if in antibacterial treatments

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4
Q

Define virulence/pathogenicity

A

The degree to which a given organism is pathogenic

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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of pathogenesis?

A
  1. Exposure (contact)
  2. Adhesion (colonisation)
  3. Invasion
  4. Infection
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6
Q

Give 2 examples of an opportunistic pathogen

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis - part of the normal microbiota of skin (avirulent)

Yeast candida - normally found in skin, mouth, intestine and vagina

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7
Q

How are bacteria pathogenic?

A
  • Direct (desert phagocytes/cells)
  • Toxin (endotoxins & exotoxins)
  • Indirect (inflammation, immune pathology)
  • Diarrhoea
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8
Q

What is a gram +ve cocci in clusters?

A

Staphylococcus

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9
Q

What is a gram +ve cocci in chains?

A

Streptococcus

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10
Q

What is a staphylococcus that’s coagulase positive?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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11
Q

What is a staphylococcus that’s coagulase negative?

A

Staphylococcus epidermis

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12
Q

What’s alpha haemolysis?

A

Partial haemolysis

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13
Q

What’s beta haemolysis?

A

Complete haemolysis

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14
Q

What’s gamma haemolysis?

A

No haemolysis

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15
Q

What’s an optochin sensitive (positive) alpha haemolytic streptococcus?

A

Strep. pneumoniae

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16
Q

What’s an optochin negative alpha haemolytic streptococcus?

A

Strep. viridans

17
Q

What’s a beta haemolytic Lancefield A streptococcus?

A

Strep. pyogenes

18
Q

What’s a gamma haemolytic Lancefield D streptococcus?

A

Enterococcus, S.bovis

19
Q

Give an example of an enterococcus

A

E. faecalis

20
Q

What does a pink/red MacConkey test suggest?

A

Lactose fermenters

21
Q

What does a colourless/ orange MacConkey test indicate?

A

Non-lactose fermenters

22
Q

When would you use MacConkey?

A

Gram -ve bacillus

23
Q

Give examples of lactose fermenting gram -ve bacilli

A

E. coli
Klebsiella (pneumoniae)
Enterobacter spp

24
Q

Give examples of non-lactose fermenting gram -ve bacilli

A

Shigella
Salmonella
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Proteus mirabilis

25
Q

What do you do if the MacConkey is yellow/colourless?

A

Oxidase test

26
Q

What gram -ve bacilli give a positive oxidase test? (4)

A

Pseudomonas
V. cholerae
Campylobacter jejuni
Helicobacter

27
Q

What gram -ve bacilli give a negative oxidase test?

A

Shigella
Salmonella
Proteus

28
Q

How do you differentiate between salmonella and shigella?

A

Salmonella: black spots on XLD agar amongst red/pink colonies
Shigella: red/pink colonies

29
Q

What is a gram +ve diplococci?

A

Strep. pneumoniae

30
Q

What is a gram -ve diplococci?

A

Neisseria

P2 ICS (4 decks)

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