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P2 ICS > Growth, cell death & neoplasia > Flashcards

Growth, cell death & neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

INC in size of tissue caused by INC in size of constituent cells

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2
Q

Give a physiological example of hypertrophy

A

INC in skeletal muscle during exercise

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3
Q

Give a pathological example of hypertrophy

A

Cardiac muscle hypertrophy due to hypertension

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4
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

INC in size of tissue caused by INC in number of constituent cells

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5
Q

Give a physiological example of hyperplasia

A

Uterine cells during pregnancy (also undergo hypertrophy)

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6
Q

Give a pathological example of hyperplasia

A

Endometriosis

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

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7
Q

Define atrophy

A

DEC in size of tissue caused by DEC in number of constituent cells/DEC in their size

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8
Q

Give a physiological example of atrophy

A

Thymus atrophy during childhood

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9
Q

Give a pathological example of atrophy

A

Muscular dystrophy

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10
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Replacement of one fully differentiated tissue by another

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11
Q

Give a pathological example of metaplasia

A

Barrett’s oesophagus (normal stratified squamous epithelium –> simple columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells)

If stimulus not removed, can progress to oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

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12
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Morphological changes seen in cells in the progression to becoming cancer

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13
Q

What are the morphological changes seen in cells in the progression to cancer?

A
  • Variation in size & shape
  • High nuclear/ cytoplasmic ratio
  • Increased mitotic figures
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14
Q

Give a pathological example of dysplasia

A

Cervix: normal glandular epithelium –[HPV infection]–> immature squamous epithelial cells –> carcinoma in situ (localised) –> invasive cervical carcinoma

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15
Q

Define necrosis

A

Traumatic cell death due to injury or disease

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16
Q

What key features are present in necrosis? (4)

A
  • Cell swollen
  • Organelles damaged & destroyed
  • Contents released
  • Inflammation
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17
Q

Define apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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18
Q

What key features are present in apoptosis? (4)

A
  • Cell shrunken
  • Apoptosis bodies formed
  • Contents retained
  • No inflammation
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19
Q

Give examples of necrosis (3)

A

Frostbite
Cerebral infarction
Pancreatitis

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20
Q

Give examples of apoptosis (3)

A

Organ sculpting (separation of fingers & toes of foetus)
Skin cells
Cells lining the gut

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21
Q

How does cancer arise?

A

p53 detects DNA damage and switches on apoptosis

Lack of apoptosis in cancer

22
Q

What do you call a benign cancer of glandular/secretory epithelium?

A

ADENOMA eg colonic/ thyroid adenoma

23
Q

What do you call a benign cancer of non-glandular/non-secretory epithelium?

A

PAPILLOMA eg squamous cell papilloma

24
Q

What do you call a malignant cancer of glandular epithelium?

A

ADENOCARCINOMA eg adenocarcinoma of breast/ stomach

25
Q

What do you call a malignant cancer of non-glandular epithelium?

A

CARCINOMA eg transitional cell carcinoma

26
Q

What do you call a benign cancer of connective tissue?

A

-OMA

eg neuroma

27
Q

What do you call a malignant cancer of connective tissue?

A

-SARCOMA

eg neurosarcoma

28
Q

What is a rhabdomyoma?

A

Benign connective tissue cancer of striated muscle

29
Q

What is leiomyoma?

A

Benign connective tissue cancer of SM

30
Q

What is a chondroma?

A

Benign connective tissue cancer of cartilage

31
Q

What is an osteoma?

A

Benign connective tissue cancer of bone

32
Q

What type of cancers are ALL MALIGNANT?

A

Lymphomas - lymphoid cells
Melanoma - melanocytes
Mesothelioma - mesothelial cells

33
Q

What are the most common embryonic tumours? (2)

A
  • Retinoblastoma (eye)

- Nephroblastoma (renal)

34
Q

What is Burkitt’s lymphoma?

A

B-cell lymphoma caused by Epstein Barr virus

35
Q

What is Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Malignant lymphoma –> Reed-Sternberg cells present

36
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

Tumour made up of all 3 germ layers eg contain hair, teeth, bone

37
Q

Define neoplasia

A

Autonomous
Abnormal
Persistent
New growth

38
Q

Define tumour

A

Any abnormal swelling (neoplasm, inflammation, hypertrophy, hyperplasia)

39
Q

What causes cancer?

A

Mutation that causes cells to:

  • divide faster
  • not apoptose as fast as other cells
  • prevents telomerase shortening - makes cells immortal
40
Q

What do solid tumours consist of?

A
  • Neoplastic cells

- Stroma

41
Q

Characteristics of benign neoplasms (6)

A
  • Localised
  • Slow growth rate - little mitotic figures
  • Non-invasive
  • Don’t spread to other sites
  • Encapsulated
  • Necrosis rare
42
Q

Characteristics of malignant neoplasms (6)

A
  • All invasive
  • Can metastasise
  • Rapidly growing - increased mitotic figures
  • Irregular borders
  • Nuclei stain darkly, vary in size/shape
  • Necrosis & ulceration common
43
Q

In terms of differentiation, what tumours are more aggressive?

A

Poorly differentiated tumours are MORE AGGRESSIVE than well-differentiated tumours (closely resemble parent tissue)

44
Q

Define anaplastic

A

So poorly differentiated they lack histogenic features = EXTREMELY AGGRESSIVE eg anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid

45
Q

Define carcinoma in situ

A

Neoplasm that hasn’t invaded through the epithelial basement membrane ie will sit where it is
Complete excision will guarantee a cure

46
Q

Define invasive carcinoma

A

Neoplasm has invaded through the basement membrane

47
Q

What tumours commonly metastasise to the lung?

A

Sarcomas

Any common cancers

48
Q

What tumours metastasise to the liver?

A

Colon
Stomach
Pancreas
Carcinoid tumours of intestine

49
Q

What tumours metastasise to bone?

A 
Prostate
Breast
Thyroid
Lung 
Kidney
50
Q

Which carcinoma never metastasises?

A

Basal cell carcinoma (rodent ulcer)

P2 ICS (4 decks)

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