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The respiratory system > microbiology > Flashcards

microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

How is influenza transmitted?

A
  • by droplets

- through direct transmission with respiratory secretions of someone with the infection

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2
Q

describe some of the complications of flu?

A
  • primary influenzal pneumonia
  • secondary bacterial pneumonia
  • bronchitis
  • otitis media
  • influenza during pregnancy associated with perinatal mortality
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3
Q

Describe primary influenzal pneumonia

A
  • seen most during pandemic years
  • can be disease of young adults
  • high mortality
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4
Q

Describe secondary bacterial pneumonia?

A
  • most common in infants, elderly and debilitated, pre existing disease and in pregnant woman
  • cause of mortality in all influenza pandemics
  • most common cause of death in fatal influenza
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5
Q

How is ‘flu’ treated?

A
  • bed rest, fluids, paracetamol

- anti - viral: oseltamivir, zanamivir

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6
Q

true or false: pandemics of influenza A, B and C can occur?

A
  • false

- only A

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7
Q

How is influenza confirmed?

A
  • nasopharyngeal swab

- PCR to detect virus

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8
Q

What does the flu vaccine contain?

A

2 different influenza A viruses and one or two influenza B viruses

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9
Q

describe pneumonia caused by mycoplasma, coxiella and chlamydophilia psittaci?

A
  • ‘atypical pneumonia’
  • all respond to treatment with tetracycline and macrolides
  • mortality is generally lower than classical bacterial pneumonia
  • lab conformation can be achieved by serology or PCR
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10
Q

describe pneumonia caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A
  • common cause of community acquired pneumonia
  • children and young adults have the highest indigence
  • person to person transmission
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11
Q

Describe how coxiella burnetii can cause pneumonia?

A
  • can cause pneumonia or pyrexia (unknown origin)
  • uncommon
  • can be transmitted via sheep and goats
  • culture negative endocarditis as a complication
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12
Q

How does chlamydia cause pneumonia?

A
  • chlamydophilia psittaci causes psittacosis
  • which usually presents as pneumonia
  • caught from pet birds
  • uncommon
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13
Q

describe bronchiolitis?

A
  • occurs in young children
  • fever, coryza, cough, wheeze
  • in severe cases: grunting, decreased PaO2, intercostal/sternal indrawing
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14
Q

Describe the complications that can occur as a result of bronchiolitis?

A
  • respiratory and cardiac failure

- especially in premature babies or those with preexisting respiratory or cardiac disease

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15
Q

How does chlamydia trachomatis cause respiratory disease?

A
  • STI which can cause infantile pneumonia

- diagnosed by PCR on urine of mother or throat swab of child

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16
Q

what is Metapneumovirus?

A
  • isolated in 2001
  • similar symptoms to RSV
  • confirmed by PCR
17
Q

What are the main routes of RTI transmission?

A
  • contact
  • airborne
  • droplet
18
Q

What are the precautions for airborne infection?

A
  • standard infection control precautions and a filtering face piece
19
Q

Describe transmission via droplets?

A
  • particles are > 5 microns
  • fall to the floor within 2m
  • spread via direct contact with mucous membranes
  • ideally patient should be in single room
20
Q

What are the host defences in the nasopharynx?

A
  • nasal hairs
  • ciliated epithelia
  • IgA
21
Q

What are the host defences in the oropharynx?

A
  • saliva
  • sloughing
  • cough
22
Q

Name some of the gram positive upper respiratory tract colonisers?

A
  • Strep pneumoniae
  • strep progenies
  • staph aureus
23
Q

Name some of the gram negative upper respiratory tract colonisers?

A
  • haemophilus influenza

- mortadella catarrhaslis

24
Q

What are some of the pathogens associated with an acute exacerbation of COPD?

A
  • haemophilus influenza
  • moraxella catarrhaslis
  • strep pneumoniae
25
Q

describe some of the lungs defences against pathogens

A
  • alveolar lining fluid: surfactant, Ig, complement, FFA, AMP
  • alveolar macrophages and neutrophils
26
Q

Describe the pathology of community acquired pneumonia?

A
  • organism reaches lungs
  • immune activation and infiltration
  • fluid and cellular build up in alveoli
  • leads to impaired gas exchange
27
Q

which antibiotics would be used to treat legionella pneumonia?

A
  • clarythromycin, erythromycin

- quinolones (e.g. levofloxacin)

28
Q

Describe whooping cough (pertussis)?

A
  • acute trachea bronchitis
  • cold like symptoms for 2 weeks
  • paroxysmal coughing for 2 weeks
  • vomiting is common
  • residual cough can act for a month or more
29
Q

Describe the microbiology of pertussis?

A
  • Bordetella pertussis
  • gram negative coccobacillus
  • exclusively human pathogen
  • vaccine preventable

The respiratory system (13 decks)

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