Anatomy Flashcards
Name the components of the upper respiratory tract?
- Nasal cavities
- oral cavity
- Pharynx
- larynx
Name the components of the lower respiratory tract?
- trachea
- right and left main bronchus
- lobar bronchi
- segmental bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
Which components of the lower respiratory tract are located in the lungs?
- lobar bronchi
- segmental bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
What happens at the level of the C6 vertebra?
- The larynx becomes the trachea
2. The pharynx becomes the oesophagus
What is a lung lobe?
- The area of the lung that each of the lobular bronco supply with air is a lung lobe
- There are 5 lung lobes
- Right lung: upper, middle and lower lobe
- Left lung: Upper and lower lobe
- fissures separate the lobes from each other
what is a bronchopulmonary segment?
- The area of the lung lobe that each one of the segmental bronchi simply with air
Describe the lining of the inside of the bronchial tree?
- respiratory epithelium: mucous glands secrete mucous onto the epithelial surface
- cilia beat to sweep the mucous superiorly towards the pharynx to be swallowed. This is the mucocilliary escalator
Describe the role of hyaline cartilage in the trachea and all of the bronchi?
- it supports the trachea and the bronchi
- it assists in maintaining the patency of the airways
why do alveoli have neither cartilage or smooth muscles in their walls?
It would impact on diffusion, alveolar walls must be very thin
Describe the role of smooth muscle in the airway?
- it becomes progressively more prominent distally
- it is the most prominent feature of the walls of the bronchioles
- bronchioles can therefore constrict or dilate
Describe the features of the nasal cavity
- relatively featureless medial wall
- interestingly featured lateral wall
- a floor (formed from the palate)
- a roof (formed by the midline party of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa)
What does the cartilage skeleton of the larynx consist of?
- the epiglottis
- the thyroid cartilage
- the cricoid cartilage
- the 2 aryteniod cartilages s
What are the functions of the larynx?
- cartilages help to maintain the patency of the URT
- Helps to prevent the entry of foreign into the LRT (the vocal cords)
- Produces sound (the vocal cords)
What are the functions of the vocal ligaments?
- Airway protection: vocal cords can approximate in the midline closing the rima glottidis and preventing a foreign body. A cough reflex is then stimulated.
- Voice production: functions in phonation (sound) and articulation (speech)
Describe the components of the nasal septum?
Bony: ethmoid bone (superiorly) and vomer (inferiorly)
Cartilaginous: (anterior) part of the nasal septum
What is the rima glottidis
- The narrowest part of the larynx
- large foreign bodies tend to block the URT at the rima glottidis
What are the aims of the Heimlich manoeuvre?
- Raises abdominal pressure
- which will force diaphragm superiorly
- which will raise the pressure in the chest
- which will raise pressure in the lungs
- which will force air into the trachea
- which will force air through the rima glottidis to expel the foreign body out of the URT
How do we warm, humidify and clean the air we breath in?
- concha produce turbulent flow and bring the air closer to the walls of the nasal cavity
- the respiratory mucosa provide warmth
- the mucosa produce mucous which provides moisture
- mucous traps particles
- the cilia waft the mucous to the pharynx to be swallowed
What are the functions of the tonsils?
- they are part of the lymphatic system that are located within the mucosa layer of the pharynx
- they produce white blood cells in the defence against infection
What are the true ribs?
Attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum
- ribs 1-7
What are false ribs?
Attach via their costal cartilage above to the sternum
-ribs 8-10
What are the floating ribs
no attachment to the sternum
- ribs 11 and 12
Describe the structure of the sternum?
- superior mandibrium of the sternum
- middle body of the sternum
- inferior xiphiod process
Which vein drains the posterior past of the intercostal spaces?
the azygous vein
Which vessel supplies the posterior part of the intercostal space>
The thoracic aorta
Which vessels supply the anterior parts of the intercostal spaces?
The internal thoracic artery and veins
What does the muscular part of the diaphragm attach peripherally to?
- the sternum
- the lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages
- L1-L3 vertebral bodies
Where are the phrenic nerves found?
- on the anterior surface of scalenus anterior muscle
- in the chest descending over the lateral aspects of the heart
What is the role of the phrenic nerves?
- supplies somatic sensors and sympathetic axons to the diaphragm and fibrous pericardium
- supplies somatic motor axons to the diaphragm
Describe lymphatic drainage in the breasts?
- unilateral drainage from lateral quadrants to axillary nodes
- bilateral drainage from medial quadrants to parasternal nodes
what does paralysis of serrates anterior cause?
‘winged scapula’
what is the costodiaphragmatic recess?
- a potential space located between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura
Where are the sensory receptors associated with coughing located?
- oropharyngeal mucosa
- laryngopharyngeal mucosa
- laryngeal mucosa
What cranial nerve receptors are associated with sneezing?
CNV or CNIX
What cranial nerve receptors are associated with coughing?
CN IX or CNX
What are carotid sheaths?
protective tubes of cervical deep fascia
What do carotid sheaths contain?
- the vagus nerve
- the internal carotid artery
- the common carotid artery
- the internal jugular vein
What happens to the diaphragm in forced inspiration?
- a greater outflow of action potentials of longer duration via phrenic nerve occurs, causing the diaphragm to flatten then descend maximally
Where does the Pectoralis major attach and what is its function?
- attaches between ribs/sternum and humerus
- abducts and medially rotates humerus
- can pull the ribs upwards ad outwards
- accessory muscle of respiration
What are the accessory muscles of forced inspiration?
- pectoralis major
- pectoralis minor
- sternocleidomastoid
- scalenus anterior, medius and posterior
Which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
- branches of the vagus nerve (CNX)
- motor (somatic)
what is the role of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
- adduct the vocal cords during the cough reflex
What are some of the key differences that must be considered when treating children?
- higher anterior larynx in children
- neonates breath through their nose
- compliant chest, horizontal ribs and diaphragm
- babies increase respiratory rate as there is less scope for increased tidal volume
- higher O2 requirement per kg
What are neonates?
babies under 1 month
