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Principles > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Three domains

A
  1. bacteria
  2. archaea
  3. eukarya
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2
Q

major groups of human pathogens

A
  1. protozoa
  2. fungi
  3. bacteria
  4. viruses
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3
Q

features of eukaryotes

A

linear chromosomes with histones, introns and axons, 80S ribosomes, no cell wall and cell cycle

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4
Q

features of prokaryotes

A

single-celled, introns rare, single circular chromosome, 70S ribosomes, cell wall

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5
Q

define nucleoid

A

contains DNA and proteins, no membrane, chromosomes are single and circular

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6
Q

how does energy generation occur across the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

electrons are released from compounds in the cytoplasm and passed through a series of electron acceptors. Protons are passed out creating a gradient.

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7
Q

what allows bacteria to stick together?

A

fimbriae and pili

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8
Q

what is needed for prokaryotic growth?

A

food, temp, pH, osmotic protection and oxygen

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9
Q

gram classification of bacteria

A

stain bacteria purple

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10
Q

plankton growth

A
  1. initial attachment
  2. irreversible attachment to each other
  3. maturation one- growth
  4. maturation two
  5. dispersion- spreads
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11
Q

how can microorganisms be classified?

A
  1. appearance/ structural features
  2. gram staining
  3. growth requirements
  4. type of media
  5. biochemical tests
  6. molecular tests
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12
Q

describe different shapes of bacteria

A

cocci, bacilli and spiral-shaped

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13
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen

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14
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

killed by oxygen

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15
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

tolerate oxygen

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16
Q

capnophillic

A

prefer high CO2 levels

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17
Q

selective media

A

presence of specific substances for growth, inhibits others

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18
Q

differential media

A

used to differentiate organisms that are closely related

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19
Q

heamolysis

A

disruption of red blood cells

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20
Q

biochemical test

A

coagulate and catalase test

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21
Q

define microbiome

A

combined genetic material of microorganisms in a particular environment

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22
Q

define endogenous

A

microorganisms

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23
Q

define exogenous

A

not of the normal flora

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24
Q

define pathogenesis

A

parasite life cycle

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25
Q

define virulence

A

capacity of a microbe to cause damage to the host

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26
Q

define commensal

A

organism that is part of the normal flora (endogenous)

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27
Q

define opportunistic

A

change in natural immunity

28
Q

name six types of infectious agents

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, prions

29
Q

Gram +ve membrane is made up of?

A

peptidoglycan is thick

30
Q

Gram +ve colour

A

dark violet

31
Q

Gram -ve composition

A

peptidoglycan, LPS and endotoxin

32
Q

Gram -ve colour

33
Q

describe fimbriae/pili

A

extensions of the cell wall in prokaryotes

34
Q

colour of alpha-heamolysis

A

green (partial)

35
Q

colour of beta-heamolysis

A

yellow (complete)

36
Q

colour of gamma-heamolysis

A

nothing happens

37
Q

describe the coagulase test

A

tests for the enzyme coagulase which is produced by staph aureus

38
Q

describe the catalase test

A

aerobic bacteria produce this enzyme- effervescence seen

39
Q

which stain is staph aureus

A

gram +ve, dark purple

40
Q

give some examples of serological (body fluid) tests

A
  • PCR

- mass spec

41
Q

describe the microbiome

A

contains endogenous (microorganisms) and exogenous (not part of the normal flora)

42
Q

define a coliform

A

rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli)

43
Q

describe how fever is produced

A
  1. endotoxin produced from gram -ve membrane interacts with macrophages.
  2. this causes the release of cytokines into the bloodstream
  3. travel to hypothalamus which stimulates prostaglandins that increases body temp
44
Q

describe sepsis

A

blood vessels become leaky and the lost fluid causes the heart to work harder to continue to perfuse the organs. They shut down to help the brain- risk of haemorrhage

45
Q

define an antibiotic

A

drug used to prevent or treat infection caused by micro-organisms

46
Q

two categories of antibiotics

A
  1. bacteriostatic

2. bactericidal

47
Q

characteristics of an ideal antibiotic

A 
selective toxicity (minimal toxicity to the host)
bactericidal 
long half-life
distribution
no side effects
oral preparation
48
Q

gram -ve cocci

A

neisseria meningitidis

neisseria gonorrhoeae

49
Q

gram -ve bacilli (normal flora in GI)

A

E. coli
klebsiella spp.
enterobacter spp.
proteus spp.

50
Q

gram -ve bacilli (pathogens in GI)

A

salmonella spp.
shigella spp.
verotoxin (E. coli)

51
Q

gram +ve cocci

A

streptococcus
staphylococcus (staph aureus)
enterococcus

52
Q

gram +ve bacilli

A

clostridia

53
Q

how can natural resistance fail?

A

target not present or accessible
development of structure (biofilms and persister cells)
metabolism

54
Q

mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

A 
mutation
horizontal gene transfer
altered permeability
inactivation e.g. beta-lactamases
altered target site
replacement pathway
55
Q

antibiotics that target the cell wall (categories)

A
  1. penicillins

2. glycopeptides

56
Q

gram +ve penicillins

A

flucloxacillin

57
Q

gram -ve penicillins

A

temocillin

58
Q

gram +ve and gram -ve penicillins

A

amoxicillin
co-amoxiclav
tazocin

59
Q

gram +ve glycopeptides (no such thing as gram -ve)

A

vancomycin

teicoplanin

60
Q

antibiotics that target protein synthesis

A

ahminoglycosides (gentamicin), tetracyclines and macrolides

61
Q

antibiotics that target folic acid synthesis

A

sulphonamides and trimethoprim

62
Q

antibiotics that target nucleic acids

A

metronidazole
quinolones
fluoroquinolone

63
Q

C. diff 4 C’s

A

cephalosporin
co-amoxiclav
cipofloxacin
clindamycin

64
Q

which antibiotic is used to treat gram +ve aerobes

A

amoxicillin

65
Q

which antibiotic is used to treat gram -ve aerobes

A

gentamicin

66
Q

which antibiotic is used to treat anaerobes

A

metronidazole

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