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Microbiology Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Three domains

A
  1. bacteria
  2. archaea
  3. eukarya
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2
Q

major groups of human pathogens

A
  1. protozoa
  2. fungi
  3. bacteria
  4. viruses
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3
Q

features of eukaryotes

A

linear chromosomes with histones, introns and axons, 80S ribosomes, no cell wall and cell cycle

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4
Q

features of prokaryotes

A

single-celled, introns rare, single circular chromosome, 70S ribosomes, cell wall

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5
Q

define nucleoid

A

contains DNA and proteins, no membrane, chromosomes are single and circular

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6
Q

how does energy generation occur across the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

electrons are released from compounds in the cytoplasm and passed through a series of electron acceptors. Protons are passed out creating a gradient.

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7
Q

what allows bacteria to stick together?

A

fimbriae and pili

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8
Q

what is needed for prokaryotic growth?

A

food, temp, pH, osmotic protection and oxygen

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9
Q

gram classification of bacteria

A

stain bacteria purple

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10
Q

plankton growth

A
  1. initial attachment
  2. irreversible attachment to each other
  3. maturation one- growth
  4. maturation two
  5. dispersion- spreads
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11
Q

how can microorganisms be classified?

A
  1. appearance/ structural features
  2. gram staining
  3. growth requirements
  4. type of media
  5. biochemical tests
  6. molecular tests
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12
Q

describe different shapes of bacteria

A

cocci, bacilli and spiral-shaped

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13
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen

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14
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

killed by oxygen

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15
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

tolerate oxygen

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16
Q

capnophillic

A

prefer high CO2 levels

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17
Q

selective media

A

presence of specific substances for growth, inhibits others

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18
Q

differential media

A

used to differentiate organisms that are closely related

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19
Q

heamolysis

A

disruption of red blood cells

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20
Q

biochemical test

A

coagulate and catalase test

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21
Q

define microbiome

A

combined genetic material of microorganisms in a particular environment

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22
Q

define endogenous

A

microorganisms

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23
Q

define exogenous

A

not of the normal flora

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24
Q

define pathogenesis

A

parasite life cycle

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25
define virulence
capacity of a microbe to cause damage to the host
26
define commensal
organism that is part of the normal flora (endogenous)
27
define opportunistic
change in natural immunity
28
name six types of infectious agents
bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, prions
29
Gram +ve membrane is made up of?
peptidoglycan is thick
30
Gram +ve colour
dark violet
31
Gram -ve composition
peptidoglycan, LPS and endotoxin
32
Gram -ve colour
pink
33
describe fimbriae/pili
extensions of the cell wall in prokaryotes
34
colour of alpha-heamolysis
green (partial)
35
colour of beta-heamolysis
yellow (complete)
36
colour of gamma-heamolysis
nothing happens
37
describe the coagulase test
tests for the enzyme coagulase which is produced by staph aureus
38
describe the catalase test
aerobic bacteria produce this enzyme- effervescence seen
39
which stain is staph aureus
gram +ve, dark purple
40
give some examples of serological (body fluid) tests
- PCR | - mass spec
41
describe the microbiome
contains endogenous (microorganisms) and exogenous (not part of the normal flora)
42
define a coliform
rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli)
43
describe how fever is produced
1. endotoxin produced from gram -ve membrane interacts with macrophages. 2. this causes the release of cytokines into the bloodstream 3. travel to hypothalamus which stimulates prostaglandins that increases body temp
44
describe sepsis
blood vessels become leaky and the lost fluid causes the heart to work harder to continue to perfuse the organs. They shut down to help the brain- risk of haemorrhage
45
define an antibiotic
drug used to prevent or treat infection caused by micro-organisms
46
two categories of antibiotics
1. bacteriostatic | 2. bactericidal
47
characteristics of an ideal antibiotic
``` selective toxicity (minimal toxicity to the host) bactericidal long half-life distribution no side effects oral preparation ```
48
gram -ve cocci
neisseria meningitidis | neisseria gonorrhoeae
49
gram -ve bacilli (normal flora in GI)
E. coli klebsiella spp. enterobacter spp. proteus spp.
50
gram -ve bacilli (pathogens in GI)
salmonella spp. shigella spp. verotoxin (E. coli)
51
gram +ve cocci
streptococcus staphylococcus (staph aureus) enterococcus
52
gram +ve bacilli
clostridia
53
how can natural resistance fail?
target not present or accessible development of structure (biofilms and persister cells) metabolism
54
mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
``` mutation horizontal gene transfer altered permeability inactivation e.g. beta-lactamases altered target site replacement pathway ```
55
antibiotics that target the cell wall (categories)
1. penicillins | 2. glycopeptides
56
gram +ve penicillins
flucloxacillin
57
gram -ve penicillins
temocillin
58
gram +ve and gram -ve penicillins
amoxicillin co-amoxiclav tazocin
59
gram +ve glycopeptides (no such thing as gram -ve)
vancomycin | teicoplanin
60
antibiotics that target protein synthesis
ahminoglycosides (gentamicin), tetracyclines and macrolides
61
antibiotics that target folic acid synthesis
sulphonamides and trimethoprim
62
antibiotics that target nucleic acids
metronidazole quinolones fluoroquinolone
63
C. diff 4 C's
cephalosporin co-amoxiclav cipofloxacin clindamycin
64
which antibiotic is used to treat gram +ve aerobes
amoxicillin
65
which antibiotic is used to treat gram -ve aerobes
gentamicin
66
which antibiotic is used to treat anaerobes
metronidazole

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