Microbiology

Question 1

what colour is gram +ve and -ve stain?

Answer 1

gram +ve purple

gram -ve pink

Question 2

what is the term used for infection of the cornea?

Answer 2

keratitis

Question 3

what is the term used for infection of the entire globe?

Answer 3

endophthalmitis

Question 4

in addition to infetion of the corne and the globe what are two other eye infections ?

Answer 4

conjuctivits

cellulitis

Question 5

bacterial conjuctivitus is watery/lots of pus

Answer 5

bacterial = pus

viral = watery

Question 6

what are 3 causitive organisms of bacterial conjuctivitus in neonates?

Answer 6

S aureus

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 7

name 3 causitive organisms of bacterial conjuctivitis in all ages?

Answer 7

S aureus

Sterp pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae

Question 8

how is bacterial conjuctivitus treated?

Answer 8

swab

topical antibitotic

drop vs ointment

Question 9

what topical antibitoic is most commonly used in bacterial conjuctivitis?

Answer 9

chloramphenical qds

Question 10

when should you avoid chloramphenicol?

Answer 10

history of aplastic anaemia or allergy

Question 11

name 3 causitive organisms of viral conjuctivits?

Answer 11

Adenovirus

Herpes simplex

Herpes Zoster

Question 12

what can be seen around the eye in viral conjuctivits caused by herpes simplex?

Answer 12

cold sores

Question 13

what clinical sign can be seen in viral conjuctivitus caused by herpes zoster?

Answer 13

Hutchisons sign- tip of the nose

Question 14

how quickly should you aim to treat viral conjuctivitis caused by herpes zoster?

Answer 14

within 72hrs to reduce incidence

Question 15

conjuctivitus caused by herpes zoster is known as what?

Answer 15

herpes zoster opthalmicus

Question 16

what kind of conjuctivits has a ‘rice grain’ appearance?

Answer 16

chlamydial conjuctivitus

Question 17

what is suspect with bilateral conjuctivitus in young adults?

Answer 17

chlamydial conjuctivitus

Question 18

chlamydial conjuctivitis can cause ______ ______

Answer 18

subtarsal scarring

Question 19

what is a hypopyon?

Answer 19

exudate in the anterior chamber of the eye

Question 20

do you require hospital admission for bacterial keratitis?

Answer 20

yes- admitted for hourly drops

Question 21

what clinical sign is seen in herpetic keratitis?

Answer 21

dendritic ulcer

Question 22

herpetic keratitis can eventually result in what?

Answer 22

reduced corneal sensation

Question 23

treating herpetic keratitis with steroids can result in what?

Answer 23

corneal melt and perforation of the cornea

Question 24

subepithelial infiltrates can be seen in which kind of keratitis?

Answer 24

adenoviral keratitis

Question 25

list common features of adenoviral keratitis

Answer 25

bilateral usually follows URTI contagious

Question 26

what are two fungal causes of keratitis?

Answer 26

acanthamoeba pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 27

what imaging technique is used to identify orbital abscesses in orbital cellulitis?

Answer 27

CT scan

Question 28

what condition is this?

Answer 28

orbital cellulitis

Question 29

orbital cellulitis can occur due to a direct extension from \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 29

sinus

Question 30

what do you need to differentiate between in cellulitis?

Answer 30

orbital and preseptal

Question 31

what are some causitive organisms of orbital cellulitis?

Answer 31

staphylococci streptococci coliforms haemophilus influenzae anaerobes

Question 32

when should you scan in orbital cellulitis?

Answer 32

any suggestion of muscle restriction or optic nerve dysfunction

Question 33

how do you manage orbital cellulitis?

Answer 33

broad spectrum AB and monitor closely

Question 34

describe endophthalmitis

Answer 34

devastating infection inside of the eye

Question 35

how can endophthalmitis occur?

Answer 35

usually **post surgical** endogenous i.e haematogenous infection spread in immunocompromised patient

Question 36

what condition is this?

Answer 36

**endophthalmitis** very red eye sight threatening

Question 37

what is the most common causitive organism of endophthalmitis?

Answer 37

staph epidermis

Question 38

what is the treatment for endophthalmitis?

Answer 38

ceftazidime vancomycin intravitreal amikacin

Question 39

define chorioetinitis

Answer 39

inflammation of the choroid

Question 40

what are 3 causes of chorioretinitis?

Answer 40

CMV in aids toxoplasma gondii toxocara canis

Question 41

in which infection is a corneal scrape used for diagnosis?

Answer 41

bacterial keratitis

Question 42

what is used for diagnosis in acanthamoeba?

Answer 42

microscopy culture

Question 43

serology is used for which infections?

Answer 43

toxoplasma toxocara

Question 44

what are the three broad categories of antibiotics?

Answer 44

inhibit protein synthesis inhibit cell wall synthesis inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

Question 45

what does chloramphenicol inhibit?

Answer 45

peptidyl transferase enzyme

Question 46

which category of antibiotic is used for strep and haemophilus?

Answer 46

bacteriocidal

Question 47

what category of antibiotic is used for staph?

Answer 47

bacteriostatic

Question 48

what is grey baby syndrome?

Answer 48

side effect of chloramphenicol due to lack of liver enzymes to metabolise the drug

Question 49

what, common to penicillins and cephlasporins, inhibtis the enzyme responsible for cell wall production?

Answer 49

B lactam ring

Question 50

which antibiotics inhibit DNA gyrase therefore inhibting nucleic acid synthesis?

Answer 50

quinolones

Question 51

what is a common contaminant of eye drop bottles?

Answer 51

**pseudomonas**

Question 52

what treats s aureus bacterial conjuctivitis?

Answer 52

fusidic acid

Question 53

gentamicin treats gram -ve/+ve bacteria?

Answer 53

**gram -ve,** includingcoliforms and pseudomonas

Question 54

acliclovir inhibits DNA synthesis true/flase

Answer 54

true