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05- Ophthalmology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what colour is gram +ve and -ve stain?

A

gram +ve purple

gram -ve pink

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2
Q

what is the term used for infection of the cornea?

A

keratitis

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3
Q

what is the term used for infection of the entire globe?

A

endophthalmitis

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4
Q

in addition to infetion of the corne and the globe what are two other eye infections ?

A

conjuctivits

cellulitis

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5
Q

bacterial conjuctivitus is watery/lots of pus

A

bacterial = pus

viral = watery

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6
Q

what are 3 causitive organisms of bacterial conjuctivitus in neonates?

A

S aureus

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Chlamydia trachomatis

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7
Q

name 3 causitive organisms of bacterial conjuctivitis in all ages?

A

S aureus

Sterp pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae

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8
Q

how is bacterial conjuctivitus treated?

A

swab

topical antibitotic

drop vs ointment

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9
Q

what topical antibitoic is most commonly used in bacterial conjuctivitis?

A

chloramphenical qds

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10
Q

when should you avoid chloramphenicol?

A

history of aplastic anaemia or allergy

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11
Q

name 3 causitive organisms of viral conjuctivits?

A

Adenovirus

Herpes simplex

Herpes Zoster

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12
Q

what can be seen around the eye in viral conjuctivits caused by herpes simplex?

A

cold sores

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13
Q

what clinical sign can be seen in viral conjuctivitus caused by herpes zoster?

A

Hutchisons sign- tip of the nose

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14
Q

how quickly should you aim to treat viral conjuctivitis caused by herpes zoster?

A

within 72hrs to reduce incidence

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15
Q

conjuctivitus caused by herpes zoster is known as what?

A

herpes zoster opthalmicus

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16
Q

what kind of conjuctivits has a ‘rice grain’ appearance?

A

chlamydial conjuctivitus

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17
Q

what is suspect with bilateral conjuctivitus in young adults?

A

chlamydial conjuctivitus

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18
Q

chlamydial conjuctivitis can cause ______ ______

A

subtarsal scarring

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19
Q

what is a hypopyon?

A

exudate in the anterior chamber of the eye

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20
Q

do you require hospital admission for bacterial keratitis?

A

yes- admitted for hourly drops

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21
Q

what clinical sign is seen in herpetic keratitis?

A

dendritic ulcer

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22
Q

herpetic keratitis can eventually result in what?

A

reduced corneal sensation

23
Q

treating herpetic keratitis with steroids can result in what?

A

corneal melt and perforation of the cornea

24
Q

subepithelial infiltrates can be seen in which kind of keratitis?

A

adenoviral keratitis

25
Q

list common features of adenoviral keratitis

A

bilateral

usually follows URTI

contagious

26
Q

what are two fungal causes of keratitis?

A

acanthamoeba

pseudomonas aeruginosa

27
Q

what imaging technique is used to identify orbital abscesses in orbital cellulitis?

A

CT scan

28
Q

what condition is this?

A

orbital cellulitis

29
Q

orbital cellulitis can occur due to a direct extension from _____

A

sinus

30
Q

what do you need to differentiate between in cellulitis?

A

orbital and preseptal

31
Q

what are some causitive organisms of orbital cellulitis?

A

staphylococci

streptococci

coliforms

haemophilus influenzae

anaerobes

32
Q

when should you scan in orbital cellulitis?

A

any suggestion of muscle restriction or optic nerve dysfunction

33
Q

how do you manage orbital cellulitis?

A

broad spectrum AB and monitor closely

34
Q

describe endophthalmitis

A

devastating infection inside of the eye

35
Q

how can endophthalmitis occur?

A

usually post surgical

endogenous i.e haematogenous infection spread in immunocompromised patient

36
Q

what condition is this?

A

endophthalmitis

very red eye

sight threatening

37
Q

what is the most common causitive organism of endophthalmitis?

A

staph epidermis

38
Q

what is the treatment for endophthalmitis?

A

ceftazidime

vancomycin

intravitreal amikacin

39
Q

define chorioetinitis

A

inflammation of the choroid

40
Q

what are 3 causes of chorioretinitis?

A

CMV in aids

toxoplasma gondii

toxocara canis

41
Q

in which infection is a corneal scrape used for diagnosis?

A

bacterial keratitis

42
Q

what is used for diagnosis in acanthamoeba?

A

microscopy

culture

43
Q

serology is used for which infections?

A

toxoplasma

toxocara

44
Q

what are the three broad categories of antibiotics?

A

inhibit protein synthesis

inhibit cell wall synthesis

inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

45
Q

what does chloramphenicol inhibit?

A

peptidyl transferase enzyme

46
Q

which category of antibiotic is used for strep and haemophilus?

A

bacteriocidal

47
Q

what category of antibiotic is used for staph?

A

bacteriostatic

48
Q

what is grey baby syndrome?

A

side effect of chloramphenicol due to lack of liver enzymes to metabolise the drug

49
Q

what, common to penicillins and cephlasporins, inhibtis the enzyme responsible for cell wall production?

A

B lactam ring

50
Q

which antibiotics inhibit DNA gyrase therefore inhibting nucleic acid synthesis?

A

quinolones

51
Q

what is a common contaminant of eye drop bottles?

A

pseudomonas

52
Q

what treats s aureus bacterial conjuctivitis?

A

fusidic acid

53
Q

gentamicin treats gram -ve/+ve bacteria?

A

gram -ve,

includingcoliforms and pseudomonas

54
Q

acliclovir inhibits DNA synthesis true/flase

A

true

05- Ophthalmology (6 decks)

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