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05- Ophthalmology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

name the 7 bones of the orbit

A

frontal

zygomatic

maxilla

nasal

sphenoid

ethmoid

lacramal

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2
Q

which bone does the optic canal pass through?

A

sphenoid

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3
Q

in addition to the optic canal the sphenoid bone also contains what?

A

superior orbital fissure

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4
Q

what is the apex?

A

the optic canal

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5
Q

the roof, medial and lateral walls and the floor of the orbit make up the what?

A

orbital margins

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6
Q

the superior/inferior orbital margin is more anterior

A

superior orbital margin

(slopes forward with inferior more posterior)

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7
Q

trauma to the orbit results in what?

A

orbital blowout fracture

NOTE: bony rim protected but force travels to floor and fractures

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8
Q

when an orbital blowout fracture occur what can also be damaged?

A

intraorbital nerves- sensory to face (maxilla and wings of nose)

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9
Q

fractured zygoma tends to rotate which direction?

A

medially

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10
Q

the suspensory ligament of the eye attaches to what?

A

the zygoma laterally

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11
Q

if zygoma fractures and suspensory ligament drops what clinical sign can occur?

A

diplopia- double vision

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12
Q

what are the two parts of the eyelid that make up the orbicularis oculi muscle

A

orbital- around eye

palpebral- eyelid itself

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13
Q

what helps prevent spread of infection from superficial to deep in the eye?

A

orbital septum- sheet of fascia

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14
Q

what gland containing sturcture lies within the upper eyelid?

A

superior tarsus- tarsal glands embedded in tarsi

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15
Q

what is the limbus?

A

corneoscleral junction

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16
Q

what is the function of the conjuctiva?

A

forms defensive barrier to foreign bodies penetrating deep to it into the orbit

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17
Q

defien tarsus

A

dense connective tissue bands in half moon shape that give shape to the eyelid- superior/inferior

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18
Q

what is the name of the tendon attached to the superior tarsus responsible for lifting the eyelid?

A

levator palpebrae superioris

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19
Q

what is known as mullers muscle?

A

superior tarsal muscle attached to superior tendon that helps to lift the eyelid

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20
Q

glands in the tarsus secrete what?

A

lipids for lubraication

prevents tears overflowing in normal day to day life until youre actually crying

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21
Q

what nerve innervates teh lacrimal gland responsible for producing lacriaml fluid?

A

parasympathetic CNVII

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22
Q

describe the lacrimal apparauts

A

lacrimal gland produces lacrimal fluid

washes over eye towards medial angle

drained through lacrimal puncta

then canaliculi into lacriaml sac

finally drain into nasolacrimal duct

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23
Q

what are the three layers of the eye?

A

fibrous

uvea

retina

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24
Q

what are the two parts of the fibrous layer of the eye?

A

sclera

cornea

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25
Q

what makes up the uvea?

A

iris

ciliary body- controls iris and aqueous humor secretion

choriod- nutrition and gas exchange

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26
Q

the anterior/posterior segment of the eye is divided into chambers?

A

anterior segment divided into anterior/posterior chambers

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27
Q

where is the anterior chamber located?

A

between cornea and iris

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28
Q

where is the posterior chamber located?

A

between iris and suspensory ligaments

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29
Q

the anterior and posterior chambers contain what?

A

aqueous humour

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30
Q

the posterior segment of the eye is located where?

A

behind the lens- post 2/3rds

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31
Q

he posterior segment of teh eye contains what?

A

vitreous body- vitreous humour

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32
Q

vitreous body is common location for what pathology?

A

floaters

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33
Q

a clouding of the lens is known as what?

A

cataract

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34
Q

the ciliary body secretes what?

A

aqueous

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35
Q

describe the circulation of aqueous

A

circulates within posterior chamber

passes through the pupil into anterior chamber

aqueous reabsorbed into canal of schlemm

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36
Q

from which artery does the opthalmic artery arise?

A

internal carotid artery

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37
Q

through what stucture do the cnetral arerty and vein of the retina pass through?

A

optic nerve

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38
Q

what kind of artery is the central artery of the retina?

A

end artery- only one supplying tissue

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39
Q

the inferior opthalmic vein drains mainly into which vein?

A

superior opthalmic vein

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40
Q

the fundus includes what structures?

A

optic dsc

macula

fovea

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41
Q

the optic disc is the point of which nerve formation?

A

CN II

42
Q

which structure ahs eh greatest density of cones?

A

macula

43
Q

where is the fovea located?

A

centre of the macula- area of most acute vision

44
Q

the optic disc is also the ____ ___

A

blind spot

45
Q

name the retina layers from posterior to anterior

A

photoreceptors

ganglion cells

axons of ganglion cells

46
Q

why is the optic disc a blind spot?

A

there are no photoreceptors in the ooptic disc

47
Q

the retinal veins and arteries lie anterior to the retina true/false?

A

true

48
Q

the retina is divided up how?

A

upper and lower nasal/temporal quadrants

49
Q

complete interruption of flow of teh central artery or vein will result in what?

A

monocular blindness

50
Q

complete interruption of flow in a retinal arter branch/retinal vein will result in what?

A

loos of an area of visual field corresponding to area of ischameia

51
Q

light from objects in the right visual field is processed by the left primary visual cortex true/flase

A

true, light processed by opposite visual cortex

NOTE: light from objects in upper visual field processed in lower cortex and vice versa

52
Q

name the 7 extraocular muscles

A

superior rectus

inferior rectus

medial rectus

lateral rectus

superior oblique

inferioroblique

levator palpebrae superioris

53
Q

the rectus muscles all originate from where?

A

common tendinous ring

54
Q

extracolular msucles insert where?

A

onto the sclera

55
Q

what is the somatic innervation of the extraocular muscles?

A

LR6 SO4 AO3

lateral rectus- CN VI

superior oblique- CN IV

all others- CN III

56
Q

most musclehave a secondary movement apart from which ones?

A

medial and lateral rectus

57
Q

lateral rectus can only _____ the eyeball

A

abduct

58
Q

in clinical testing of eye movement what do you have to do in order to test an individual eye muscle?

A

have to line up gaze with the muscle being tested

59
Q

when in abduction SR can only ______ the eyeball

A

elevate

60
Q

when in abduction the IR can only ______ the eyeball

A

depress

61
Q

medial rectus can only _____ the eyeball

A

adduct

62
Q

when in adduction IO can only ______ the eyeball

A

elevate

63
Q

when in adduction the SO can only _____ the eyeball

A

depress

64
Q

describe pure elevation and the action of the muscles involved (synergistic or antagonists)

A

SR and IO synergistically elevate eyes

antagonists as rotators

pure elevation

65
Q

describe pure depression and the actions of the muscles involved? (synergistic/antagonists)

A

SO and IO synergistically depress eyes

antagonists as adductors/abductors

pure depression

66
Q

which sensory nerve innervates each of the coloured areas?

A

purple- ophthalmic nerve CN V1

blue- maxillary nerve CN V2

pink- mandibular nerve CN V3

67
Q

blink reflex is also known as what?

A

corneal refelx

68
Q

which of sensory and motor neurones are afferent/efferent?

A

sensory = afferent

motor = efferent

69
Q

APs from the cornea are conducted via what?

A

CN V1 branches

70
Q

in the corneal reflex, central CNS connections are made between what?

A

CN V and CN VII

71
Q

motor APs in the corneal reflex are conducted via what to the eyelid?

A

CN VII

72
Q

skin provides sympathetic innervation of what?

A

arterioles of teh head

sweat glands

arrector muscles

73
Q

descirbe the route of sympatheic axons

A

originates in autonomic centre of brain

exits spinal cord with T1-L2 spinal nerves

travel to sympatheic chains and pass into all spinal nerves

pass into splanchnic nerves to suplly organs

74
Q

presynaptic sympathetic axons from CNS exit spinal cord level ___

A

T1

75
Q

post-synaptic sympathetic axons enter internal and externla carotid nerves before passing onto the surface of what?

A

internal and external carotid arteries

76
Q

which artery carries sympathetic axons to the orbit?

A

opthalmic artery

77
Q

all parasympathetic nerves leave the CNS via which cranial nerves?

A

III, VII, IX, X via sacral spinal nerves

78
Q

CN III passes through the ______ ___ before exiting through what?

A

passes through cavernous sinus before exiting via superior orbital fissure

79
Q

ciliary nerves control what?

A

diameter of iris and refractive shape of the lens

80
Q

what are long and short ciliary nerves?

A

long- sympathetic, somatic sensory

short- sympathetic, parasympathetic

81
Q

long/short ciliary nerves form first part of blink relfex

A

long ciliary nerves

82
Q

what is the accomodation reflex?

A

docussing lens far & near

83
Q

vestibulo-ocular reflex deos what?

A

turns eyes in opposite direction to a head movement stabilizing gaze on a object during movement

84
Q

descirbe the oculocardiac reflex

A

reflex bradycardia in response to tension on teh extraocular muscles or pressure on the eye

85
Q

the levator palpebrae superioris contains skeletal and smooth muscle true/false?

A

true

86
Q

what class of drug dilate the pupil?

A

mydriatic drugs

Note; a non-physiologically enlarged pupill is a mydriatic pupil

87
Q

how are dilator pupillae fibres arranged?

A

radially originating around external circumference of the iris

88
Q

what is a miotic pupil?

A

a non-physiologically constricted pupil

N.B. compomnent of horners syndrome

89
Q

a fixed ‘pin point’ pupil is a serious sign and can be seen in?

A

opiate drugs

90
Q

a ‘fix-dilated’ or blown pupil can be seen in what cranial nerve pathology?

A

CN III pathology

91
Q

the sensory (afferent) limb of teh light reflex is ipsilateral/bilateral?

A

sensory (afferent) = ipsilateral

motor (efferent) = bilateral

92
Q

the pupillary light reflex is a how many neurone chain?

A

4

93
Q

describe the 4 neurones involved in the pupillayr light reflex

A
  1. retinal, passes via ipsilateral optic nervesynapsing in pretectal nucleus in midbrain
  2. connect pretectal nucleus to synapse in Edinger- westphal nucleus (bilateral)
  3. pass from EW via CN III synapsing in ciliary ganglion (bilateral)
  4. ciliary nerves to sphincter pupillae muscles (bilateral)
94
Q

the ciliary muscle relaxes in near/far vision?

A

relaxes in far vision

constracts in near vision

95
Q

what are the three clinically assessed components of the accomodaion reflex?

A

bilateral pupillary constriction

bilateral convergence of eyes to midline

bilateral relaxation of lens

96
Q

the lens is flattened in near/far vision?

A

far vision

97
Q

what are the three forms of tear?

A

basal

reflex

emotional

98
Q

horners syndrome is a result of impairede ______ innervation to head and neck

A

impaired sympathetic innervation

99
Q

what fibres encircle the pupil?

A

sphincter pupillae fibres

100
Q

what muscle is respsonsible for relaxing and tightenong the lens?

A

ciliary muscle

05- Ophthalmology (6 decks)

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