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Dermatology Block > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What is virulence?

A

the capacity of a microbe to cause damage to the host

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2
Q

What is a virulence factor?

A

Specific component of a pathogen that causes disease

e.g. adhesin, impeding, aggressin

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3
Q

What are the virulence factors that are linked to S. aureus wound infections?

A

Adhesins
enable binding of organism to host tissue.
Expresses FIBRINOGEN BINDING and COLLAGEN BINDING adhesins i.e. they attach to open wounds where these things are exposed

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4
Q

What are the virulence factors that are linked to necrotising fasciitis?

A

Panton-Valentine Leukocidin: specific toxicity for leukocytes and destroys extracellular matric

PRECEDING INFLUENZA SYNDROME, Rapid progression, acute respiratory distress, hypoxaemia, multiorgan failure despite antibiotic therapy, necrotizing haemorrhagic pneumonia

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5
Q

What are the virulence factors that are linked to (staph A) toxic shock?

A

SUPERANTIGEN Toxinose TSST-1: results in massive release of cytokines and inappropriate immune response. Shock, rash, desquamation

Rapid progression (48hrs), high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, sore throat, muscle pain

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6
Q

What are the virulence factors associated with S. pyogenes (group a strep) colonization?

A

Capsule: contains hyaluronic acid, high levels of capsule production leads to increased colonization
Adhesins: fibronegen binding

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7
Q

What are the virulence factors associated with S. pyogenes classification?

A

Lancefield Group M (Adhesins: fibronegen binding )
Refers to carbohydrates on wall that bind to stuff
Aggressins: GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS OR GAS Beta hemolytic virulence factor: complete hemolysis (
Cause tissue damage and ulcers)
and DNAses

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8
Q

What are the virulence factors associated with S. pyogenes evasion of the host immunce system?

A

Capsule: helps reduce phagocytosis

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9
Q

What are skin diseases associated with GAS?

A

Impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas & necrotising fasciitis

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10
Q

Key factors to evolution of bacteria?

A

Mobile genetic elements: this means that DNA can move throughout the genome and therefore create or reverse mutations.
Pathogenecity Islands: genomic islands that can be transferred from bacterium through horizontal gene transfer
Bacteriophage: virus that invades bacteria

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11
Q

Antibiotic of choice for Staph Aureus?

A

Flucloxacillin

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12
Q

Treatment options for methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus?

A

Doxycycine
Co-trimoxazole
Clindamycin
Vancomycin

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13
Q

Treatment for necrotising fascilitis?

A

LIFE THREATENING

Requires immediate surgical debridement + antibiotics depending on organisms isolated from tissue taken on operating

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14
Q

Treatment for Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Penicillin (will also be treated by flucloxacillin)

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15
Q
    • is mostly commonly seen in females age 20-50 especially with a history of -, -, polyarthritis or gammopathy,

Likely sites are -, - or - site

A

Pyoderma gangrenoosum
UC, Crohns
legs, trunk, stoma

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16
Q

Staph Aureus infections can happen via? (SHHIICS)

A

Skin sepsis (infected cuts, wounds etc.)
Hospital staff 30% of carry St. aureus
Hair follicle or sebum gland (boil/ carbuncle)
Infected eczema
Impetigo
Cellulitis
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome – tampons left in for long time

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17
Q

Staphylo- - is a skin commensal, not usually pathogenic
May cause infection in association with - - and -
- (produces “slime” that allows it to stick to - material)

A

coccus epidermidis
artificial material (joints,valves)
Intravenous catheteres
prosthetic

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18
Q

Group A streptococci are associated with which type of infections?

A

Throat (streptococci pneumoniae) and skin

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19
Q

What is necrotisisin fasciitis and which group of organisms cause Type II?

A

Strep Group A
Bacterial infection spreading along FASCIAL planes
Severe pain
Urgent surgical debridement

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20
Q

Leg ulcers should always be swabbed t/f

A

F

only if signs of cellulitis and infection present

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21
Q

Tinea means?

A

ringworm
Tinea corporis - body
Tinea barbae - bear etc

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22
Q

What is the pathogenesis of RINGWORM

A

Fungus enters abraded or soggy skin (HOT SWEATY CONDITIONS)
Infects KERATINISED tissue
Increased epidermal turnover causes scaling
Inflammatory response
LESION GROWS OUTWARD AND HEALS IN CENTRE GIVING RING APPEARANCE

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23
Q

Ringworm - women more commonly affected in groin and foot t/f

A

f

men

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24
Q

foot ring worm mainly affects children t/f

A

f

scalp

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25
Q

How to treat SMALL AREAS infected skin/nails w ringworm?

A

Clomitrazole (canestan) cream

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26
Q

How to treat scalp infections ringworm?

A

Terbinafine orally
Itraconazole orally
Terbinafine cream

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27
Q

Candida commonly seen under the breasts in females, groin areas, abdominal skin folds etc, nappy area in babies
t/f

A

t

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28
Q

Treatment candida?

A

Clotrimazole cream - antiyeast

Oral Fluconazole

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29
Q

Scabies is not highly infections t/f

A

F

HIGHLY INFECTIOUS

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30
Q

Treatment for scabies is Malathion lotion applied body overnight and washed off
t/f

A

T

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31
Q

Treatment for lice infections?

A

malathion lotion

32
Q

Pediculus capitis is a type of fungus t/f

A

F

lice

33
Q

Which patients need single room isolation due to infection control?

A

Group A strep
MRSA
Scabies

34
Q

WHat is the organism that most commonly causes necrotizing fasciitis?

A

GAS, can be caused by staph A too

35
Q

Presentation of parovirus B19?

A

Lacy macular rash on body

“slapped cheek disease”

36
Q

Complications of parovirus include acute - , espiecally in the - is seen as the rash fades. The most common group to experience this is -

A

arthritis, wrists, adults

37
Q

Complications of parovirus B19 include? SAC

A

Spontanous Abortion
Aplastic issues - sudden drop in haemoglobin, sickle cell anaemia etc.
Chronic anaemia (in immunosupressed patients)

38
Q

Lab confirmation of parovirus is done via skin swabs t/f

A 
F
antibody test (IgM)
39
Q

Orf presents as:
It is common in:
Transmitted by:

A

Firm fleshy nodules on the hands of farmers

Transmission via SHEEP AND GOATS

40
Q

Orf MUST have a lab confirmation via swab t/f

A

f

clinical diagnosis

41
Q

Orf is treated via encanflovir t/f

A

f

self limiting

42
Q

Chancre is a symptom of -, it is a sign of - infection. It is when there are - ulcers on the -

A

syphilis, primary, painless, genitals

43
Q

Red rash over body, prominent on soles of feet and palms of hand is characteristic of what?

A

SECONDARY PHASE of syphilis infection

44
Q

Mucuous membrane “snail track” ulcers are characteristic of what?

A

SECONDARY PHASE of syphilis infection

45
Q

Syphilis is caused by sexual transmitted infection with bacterium Treponema pallidum
t/f

A

t

46
Q

How is diagnosis of syphilis made?

A

blood test or swab of chancre for PCR

47
Q

How is syphilis treated?

A

injections of penicillin

48
Q

What are the three types of third phase syphilis infection?

A

Cardiovascular- can cause aortitis, result aneurysm

Gummatous - benign, causes tumor-like balls of inflammation

Neurosyphilis - can cause meningitis and other neuro issues

49
Q

Lyme disease is caused by viral infectiont/f

A

F

bacteria BORRELIA BURGDORFERI

50
Q

Lyme disease is transmitted by?

A

ticks!!!

51
Q

What is the early and late presentation of lyme disease?

A

Early: erythema migrans, this is a migrating red rash

Late: heart block, nerve palsies (dysfunction of a cranial nerve), arthritis

52
Q

Any presentation of lyme disease is confirmed via swab of erythema migrans t/f

A

f
blood test antibody to organism
mainly LATE presentation

53
Q

Transmission of zika virus is?

A

Sexual transmission or mosquitos

54
Q

Symptom onset: 3–12 - after exposure
Symptoms resolution: 2–7 - after onset

Which virus?

A

days, days, zika

55
Q

Symptoms of zika virus?

A 
Mild fever
Rash (mostly maculopapular)
Headaches
Arthralgia
Myalgia
Non-purulent conjunctivitis
56
Q

Varcella zoster evolution is - to - to - to - to recovery. it also presents with - and -.

A

macules, papules, vesicles, scabs

fever, itch

57
Q

Herpes zoster virus common in?

A

Elderly and immunocompromised

58
Q

Herpes zoster is characterised by?

A

Dermatomal distribution

Tingling/pain to erythema to vesicles to crusts

59
Q

What is an opthalmic zoster?

A

herpes zoster in opthalic division of trigeminal nerve. Urgent opthalmic referral needed

60
Q

What is Ramsay-Hunt syndrome?

A

herpes zoster reactivation in geniculate ganglion (7th and 8th cranial nerves.) Can cause facial palsy, deafness, vertigo and tinnitus

61
Q

Live attenuated vaccine is available for chickenpox and is routinely used in the UK for children t/f

A

F

live vaccine used in suseptible health c workers rather than kids

62
Q

Vaccination for shingles routinely in 70 year olds

A

t

reduce incidence 38%

63
Q

What is the therapy for VZV and HSV

A

ACICLOVIR

- does not eliminate latent virus

64
Q

How can you confirm presence of HSV and VSV?

A

Swab with viral transport medium -preferred for viral skin / mucous membrane infections

Antibody tests
yellow top vacutainer
where virus infected site is inaccessible or as adjunct to swab

65
Q

What is herpangina?

A

Blistering rash of back of mouth

Caused by enterovirus

66
Q

Herpangina is selflimitng t/f

A

t

67
Q

hand, foot and mouth disease is caused by?

A

enteroviruses

68
Q

Lab diagnosis for enteroviruses?

A

swab lesion or sample of stool for PCR

69
Q

There are 2 types of HSV. Type 1 is the - cause of oral lesions, while type 2 - casuses this, they both cause half of - cases and both types cause -.

A

main, rarely
genital
encephalitis

70
Q

Herpes simplex virus presents in - with extensive - around the mouth, primary - and lasts about a -.

A

pre-school children
ulceration
gingiviostomatitis
week

71
Q

Herpes simplex virus can spread to …

A

eczema and cause eczema herpeticum

72
Q

Recurrent herpes simplex virus is characterised by?

A

blistering rash at vermillion border (border of lips)

73
Q

Warts are caused by?

A

Human papilloma viurs

74
Q

HPV can cause?

A

genital warts

cervical cancer

75
Q

Molluscum contagiosum presents as? Treatment? Common in?

A

Fleshy, firm, umbilicated, pearlescent nodules
1 to 2 mm diameter
Self limiting but take months to disappear, liquid nitrogen or salicylic acid in children
Common in children

76
Q

Erythema multiforme can be a consequence of triggering latent HSV. What can trigger it?

A

drug reaction and some infections

presents as target lesions with erythema

77
Q

Pityriasis versicolor is treated by?

A

antifungal - KET CON A ZOLE

Dermatology Block (8 decks)

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