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Clin Lab > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Produce disease in the tissue it infects

A

Pathogens

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2
Q

Exist without producing disease

A

Non-pathogen

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3
Q

Can either exist as a pathogen or non-pathogen depending on concentration, environment or nutrient supply

A

Opportunitistic pathogen

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4
Q

Examples of opportunistic pathogens

A

Bacteria in GI tract, Yeast infection

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5
Q

Number of microorganisms needed to cause disease

A

Infective dose

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6
Q

Some organisms have the type of tissue preferred to infect (if it does not come into contact with specific tissue will not cause disease)

A

Tissue Affinity

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7
Q

Pathogens that need to enter the body through defined route to produce disease

A

Portal of entry

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8
Q

Example of tissue affinity

A

Rabies

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9
Q

Example of portal of entry disease

A

Clostridium tetani

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10
Q

Gram negative bacteria within the cell and are excreted when the cell dies

A

Endotoxins

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11
Q

Immunizing agents in vaccines; good antigen, excreted from bacteria into the surrounding medium or tissues

A

Exotoxins

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12
Q

Basic unit of measurement for bacterial cells

A

Micrometer or micron (u)

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13
Q

Intracellular bodies that are resistant to heat, chemicals, and radiation

A

Endospores

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14
Q

Stain used primarily to detect Mycobacterium and Nocardia species

A

Acid-fast stain

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15
Q

Example of basic nutrient media/Enriched media

A

Blood Agar

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16
Q

3 types of hemolysis seen on blood agar cultures

A

Alpha, Beta, Gamma

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17
Q

Greenish zone around colony

A

Alpha hemolysis on blood agar

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18
Q

Clear zone around colony

A

Beta hemolysis on blood agar culture

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19
Q

No zone around colony

A

Gamma hemolysis on blood agar culture

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20
Q

Media that contain substances that allow growth of one group of organisms and not others

A

Selective Media

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21
Q

Example of selective media

A

MacConkey Agar

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22
Q

Media that only show gram negative bacteria growth, can identify lactose-fermenting organisms as pinkish red

A

MacConkey Agar

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23
Q

Media that display visible differences caused by growth of specific colonies

A

Differential media

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24
Q

Examples of differential media

A

Simmons Citrate

TSI (Triple Sugar Iron)

Urea

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25
Q

Examples of Enriched media

A

Thoglycollate Broth

Tripticase soy

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26
Q

Liquid media that favor growth of a particular group of organisms

A

Enriched media

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27
Q

Used to grow anaerobic bacteria to determine the oxygen tolerance of microbes

A

Thioglycollate broth

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28
Q

Used to culture for antibiotic susceptibility testing

A

Tripticase soy

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29
Q

What is the goal of streaking culture plates?

A

To isolate the bacterial colonies

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30
Q

What is the catalase test used for?

A

To differentiate Staphs, Streps, and Coliforms

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31
Q

What is the Coagulase test used for?

A

To tell Staph aureus from environmental staphs

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32
Q

What is the CAMP test used for?

A

To determine environmental strephs from strep agalactiae

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33
Q

What are two causes of mastitis?

A

Bacterial or mycotic organisms

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34
Q

What are 3 lab tests that can be used to diagnose mastitis?

A

CMT, somatic cell count, milk culture

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35
Q

How does the CMT test work?

A

Based on gel formation when the test reagent reacts with DNA in somatic cells

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36
Q

What are two common contagious pathogens in milk?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus agalactiae

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37
Q

Common pathogens found in milk

A

Environmental staph/strep, E. coli, Klebsiella

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38
Q

Pathogens found in milk that aren’t as common

A

Yeast

Prototheca

Mycoplasma bovis (Contagious)

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39
Q

Where is environmental staph found?

A

On skin and occasionally bedding materials

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40
Q

How do cows get environmental staph?

A

Via poor milking techniques or dirty bedding

*Not spread cow to cow*

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41
Q

How does Environmental Staph appear on blood agar?

A

usually gray/white color, usually no hemolysis

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42
Q

Environmental Staph catalase/coagulase testing results

A

Catalase positive

Coagulase negative

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43
Q

Where is Staphylococcus aureus found?

A

On infected udder and dirty bedding

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44
Q

How is S. aureus spread?

A

Via poor milking technique or milking equipment

*Spread cow to cow!*

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45
Q

How does S. aureus appear on blood agar?

A

Gray/white color, double zone of beta hemolysis

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46
Q

S. aureus catalase/coagulase testing results

A

Catalse positive

Coagulase positive

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47
Q

Gram stain results for S. aureus

A

Gram positive cocci clusters

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48
Q

How are cows infected with environmental strep?

A

From wet/dirty bedding, milking wet cows

*Not spread cow to cow*

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49
Q

How does environmental strep appear on blood agar?

A

gray/white color, smaller than staph, no hemolysis

50
Q

Environmental strep catalase/CAMP results

A

Catalse negative

CAMP test negative

51
Q

Gram stain results for environmental strep

A

Gram positive cocci chains

52
Q

Where is Streptococcus agalactiae found?

A

On cow’s udder

53
Q

How is S. agalactiae spread?

A

During milking procedures

*Contagious! Spread cow to cow*

54
Q

How does S. agalactiae appear on blood agar?

A

gray/white color, smaller than staph colonies, beta hemolysis

55
Q

S. agalactiae catalase/CAMP results

A

Catalase negative

CAMP positive

56
Q

Gram stain for S. agalactiae

A

Gram positive cocci chains

57
Q

How is E. coli spread?

A

Infected through wet/dirty bedding, poor milking technique, humid weather, teat injuries, coliforms

*Not contagious cow to cow*

58
Q

E. coli appearance on blood agar

A

large, gray and round, mucoid, occasionally beta hemolysis

59
Q

E. coli appearance on MacConkey agar

A

round pink colonies with pink precipitate around the colonies

60
Q

E. coli catalase resultes

A

catalase negative

61
Q

Gram stain results for E. coli

A

gram negative rods in chains

62
Q

How are cows infected with Klebsiella?

A

Infected through wet and dirty bedding, poor milking technique, humd weather, teat injuries, coliforms

*Not contagious cow to cow*

63
Q

Klebsiella appearance on blood agar

A

large, gray and mucoid, occasionally beta hemolysis

64
Q

Klebsiella appearance on MacConkey agar

A

round pink colonies that look like “fish eyes”

65
Q

Klebsiella catalase results

A

Catalase negative

66
Q

Gram stain for Klebsiella

A

gram negative rods in chains

67
Q

Penicillin treatment in cows can cause what?

A

Yeast infection

68
Q

What can appear like staph on a blood agar?

A

Yeast infection

69
Q

What is the incubation time for yeast?

A

48 hours

70
Q

Yeast catalase results

A

Catalase positive

71
Q

Gram stain results for yeast

A

Gram positive yeast buds

72
Q

Pathogen in milk considered to be contaminate

A

Prototheca

73
Q

Looks like wax drops on blood agar

A

Prototheca

74
Q

Prototheca catalase results

A

Catalase positive

75
Q

Gram stain results for Prototheca

A

Large gram positive ovals

76
Q

What can cause a cow’s milk to appear “clinical”

A

Prototheca

77
Q

What infection results in isolating cows for life?

A

M Bovis

78
Q

Most common bacteria found in colostrum counts

A

E. coli

79
Q

Used to identify cows with asymptomatic mastitis

A

Somatic cell count

80
Q

What can cause elevated SCC?

A

Increased leukocytes

81
Q

The lower the SCC the ____ _____ the milk

A

The more valuable

82
Q

Gram positive cocci

A

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

83
Q

Identifying characteristics of Staphylococcus

A

Aerobic

Non-motile, non-spore forming

Resistant to destruction

Present everywhere

84
Q

Staphylococcus mode of transmission

A

Invade thru injury

High areas of concentrated bacteria

85
Q

What type of infection is Bumble foot?

A

Staphylococcus

86
Q

What is the public health significance of staph?

A

Food poisoning, skin infections, post surgical infections

87
Q

Identifying characteristics of Streptococcus

A

Aerobic

Do not form endospores

Grows best on blood agars

88
Q

Mode of transmission for Strep?

A

Aerosol, direct contact, fomites, ingestion

89
Q

What Lancefield groups are included in strep?

A

A-E

90
Q

Sore throat in people

A

Strep pyogenes

91
Q

Major cause of bovine mastitis

A

Strep agalactiae

92
Q

Minor cause of mastitis

Strangles in horses

Genital infection, wound infection

A

Strep agalactiae

Strep equi

Strep zooepidemicus

93
Q

Urinary infections

Infections in young pigs

A

Strep fecalis, strep equismilis

94
Q

Diarrhea in foals

Cervical lymphadentitis in pigs

A

Strep duran, strep suis

95
Q

Gram positive Bacilli

A

Bacillus

Clostridium

Listeria

Erysepilothrix

96
Q

Identifying characteristics of Bacillus

A

Aerobic

Non-motile

97
Q

Why should Bacillus not be cultured?

A

Possible Anthrax!

98
Q

Mode of transmission for Bacillus

A

Inhalation of spores

Ingestion of contaminated feed

Contact with infected tissue

99
Q

Public health significance for Bacillus

A

Must notify State Animal Health Authority

Spore can live up to 40 years

100
Q

Fever, respiratory distress, bleeding from orifices, and sudden death can all be caused by?

A

Bacillus

101
Q

Identifying characteristics of Clostridium

A

Spore forming

Anaerobic

102
Q

Mode of transmission for Clostridium

A

Wounds

Ingestion

103
Q

What are the two groups of Clostridium?

A

Invasive and non invasive

104
Q

What are the public health concerns associated with Clostridium

A

Puncture wounds

Tetanus vaccine

Botulism

Soil contamination

105
Q

Identifying characteristics of Listeria

A

Aerobic, motile

106
Q

Mode of transmission for Listeria

A

Soil, feces, genital secretions, moldy hay

107
Q

Catalase test results for Listeria?

A

Positive

108
Q

Public health significance for Listeria

A

Tramissible to humans

Secreted in milk

109
Q

Identifying characteristics of Erysipelothrix

A

Aerobic, Non motile

110
Q

Hemolysis evident on culture of Erysipelothrix

A

Alpha hemolysis

111
Q

Gram negative facultative Anaerobic Bacilli

A

E. coli

Salmonella

Klebsiella

Pasteurella

Hemophilus

Actinobacillus

112
Q

What are the two forms of Salmonella infections?

A

Septic

Enteric

113
Q

Diseases associated with Klebsiella

A

Bovine mastitis

Metritis and abortion in horses

114
Q

Diseases associated with E. coli

A

Infectious colibaccillosis of calves, weanling pigs, lambs

Calf scours

Mastitis

115
Q

Gram negative Aerobic Bacilli

A

Psuedomonas

Brucella

Bordetella

Francisella

116
Q

Identified by cigar shaped rods, blue-green pigment with fruity odor

A

Psuedomonas

117
Q

Modes of transmission for Pseudomonas

A

Contaminated surgical wounds, utensils, and equipment

Common inhabitant of soil and nasal cavity

118
Q

Gram negative cocci or coccobacillus

A

Moraxella

Fusobacterium and Bacterioides

119
Q

Spiral and curved bacteria

A

Campylobacter

120
Q

Lumpy jaw in cattle

A

Actinomyces

121
Q

Johne’s disease is associated with what bacteria?

A

Mycobacterium

Clin Lab (7 decks)

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