Microbiology Flashcards
Haemophilus influenza B
Common in infanthood
Cause meningitis, epiglottitis
Treatment: ceftriaxone
Burkholderia cepacia
Present in more long term CF
Worse prognosis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Causes lung damage in CF
Difficult to clear as produces gel, ciliotoxins, and proteases to cleave immunoglobuins
Rabies
Hydrophobia, photophobia, areophobia, pyrexia
Giardia lamblia
Watery diarrhoea
Cysts in stool samples
Treatment: metronidazole
Hepatitis E
Waterborne infection
20% mortality in pregnant women
Herpes simplex virus type 1
Herpes simplex encephalitis: temporal lobe, fever, headache, vomiting, seizures
Cold sores
Herpes simplex virus type 2
Genital herpes: painful, shallow ulcers
Epstein Barre virus
Glandular fever - infectious monocytosis, fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, leukoplakia
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Candida albicans
Thrush, dysphagia
Vaginal thrush, in diabetics
Treatment: fluconazole
Treponema pallidum
Syphilis
Treatment: benzyl penicillin injections
Coxsackie A virus
Hand foot and mouth disease
Coxsackie B virus
Pericardial effusion
Measles
Coryza, fever, cough, Koplick spots (premolars), macular confluent rash beginning on face
Rotavirus
Watery gastroenteritis, vomiting, dehydration
TORCH infections
Toxoplasmosis
Others: listeria, syphilis, parovirus B19, varicella zoster
Rubella
CMV: microcephaly, seizures, neonatal jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, deafness and mental retardation
Herpes
Candidal intertrigo
Red, itchy pustular rash in skin folds
Gardnerella
Bacterial vaginosis: thin, foul smelling vaginal discharge, irritating, increase pH
Treatment: metronidazole
Bartonella henselae
Cat scratch disease: red papule, regional lymphadenopathy
Neisseria gonorrhea
Gonococcal urethitis: dysuria, reactive arthritis
Conjunctivitis: newborn in positive mother
Gram neg diplococci
Treatment: IM ceftriaxone and azithromycin
Borrelia burgdorferi
Lymes disease: tick bite, erythema migrans
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Atypical pneumonia: cold agglutinins, autohaemolytic anaemia, mild hepatitis, renal failure, erythema multiforme
Diagnosis: anti-mycoplasma antibodies
E. coli
Bloody gastroenteritis
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome: hemolytic anaemia, renal failure
Gram neg bacilli
Strept pyogenes (GAS)
Strept throat: sore throat, fever
Impetigo: skin infection, golden crusting
Necrotising fascilitis/cellulitis
Scarlet fever: fever, erythematous blanching rash
Rheumatic fever post infection: heart murmur, sore joints
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: haematuria, hypertension
Gram pos cocci, beta haemolytic
Respiratory syncytial virus
Bronchiolitis: wheeze, cough
Human herpesvirus-8
Kaposi sarcoma: in immunocompromised patients, blue-black raised lesions and well demarcated
Legionella pneumophila
Legionaire’s disease: pneumonia, hyponatraemia
Serum antibody titre
Treatment: macrolide, ciprofloxacin
Clostridium difficile
Pseudomembranous colitis: watery diarrhoea, post abx therapy
Treatment: metronidazole
Herpes zoster
Shingles: painful vesicles in dermatome distribution
Ramsey-Hunt syndrome (geniculate nucleus infection): acute facial paralysis, blisters in ear canal and ear
Post-herpetic neuralgia: amitryptiline for neuropathic pain
Treatment: aciclovir
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Dypnoea, dry cough, worse on exertion
H. pylori
Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, gastric B cell lymphoma
Treatment: erythromycin, metronidazole, omeprazole
Gram positive cocci
Staphlococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Gram positive bacilli
Bacilus anthrax
Listeria
Clostridium
Gram negative diplococci
Neisseria
Moraxella catarrhalis
Gram negative bacilli
Enterobacteriacea: E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia
Klebsiella
Pseudomonas
Haemophilus
Acid fast
Mycobacteria: TB, bovis
Obligate intracellular
Chlamydia
Rickettsiae
No cell wall
Mycoplasma
Spirochaete
Treponema pallidum
Meningitis
0-4wks - GBS - E. coli - Listeria - Klebsiella Rx: ampicillin + cefotaxime +/- gentamicin IV
1-23 months - GBS - E. coli - S. pneumoniae - N. meningitidis - H. influenxa Rx: vancomycin + ceftriaxone IV
>2 yrs - S. pneumoniae - N. meningitidis - Listeria (>50 yrs) Rx: vancomycin + ceftriaxone IV (+ ampicillin for listeria)
Immunisation
- H. influenza, S pneumoniae, N. meningitidis
Contact prophylaxis: rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, or ceftriaxone
Complications
- headache, seizures, cerebral oedema, hydrocephalus, SIADH, deafness, death
Encephalitis
Most commonly viral etiology
Rx: supportive care, IV acyclovir for HSV
Generalised tetanus
Clostridium tetani
- painful spasms of masseters “lockjaw”
- sustained contration of skeletal muscle with periodic painful muscle spasm
- paralysis descend to involve large muscle groups
- apnea, respiratory failure, contraction of pharyngeal muscles
Rx:
- wound debridement and IV metronidazole
- Neutralise unbound toxin with TIg
Prevention
- clean wound, fully immunised = no treatment
- clean wound, not fully immunised = tetanus vaccine
- unclean wound, fully immunised, last vaccine >5 yrs = tetanus vaccine
- unclean wound, not fully immunised = tetanus vaccine, TIg
