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Biology of Cells 2 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Microbiology

Structure of a bacterial cell

A
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2
Q

Microbiology

What the bacterial cell wall does

A

Resists environmental stress like osmatic pressure

Acts as a barrier

Provides mechanical strength

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3
Q

Microbiology

Gram positive cell wall structure

A
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4
Q

Microbiology

Gram negative cell wall structure

A
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5
Q
A

Coccus

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6
Q
A

Bacillus

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7
Q
A

Vibrio

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8
Q
A

Spirochete

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

Microbiology

Which type of bacteria retain the purple dye in the gram stain test?

A

Gram positive

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11
Q

Microbiology

Polymers that may also be present in the cell walls of gram positive bacteria

A

Teichic acids

M protein

Mycolic acid

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12
Q

Microbiology

Teichoic acid

A

May appear in cell walls of gram positive bacteria

Provides rigidity to the cell wall

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13
Q

Microbiology

M protein

A

May be found in the cell wall of gram positive bacteria

Helps to prevent phagocytosis by immune cells

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14
Q

Microbiology

Mycolic acid

A

May be found in the cell wall of gram positive bacteria

Waxy lipid

Aids survival in environmental stress

Provides a barrier to antibiotics

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15
Q

Microbiology

Virulence factor that provides a barrier to antibiotics

A

Mycolic acid

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16
Q

Microbiology

Catalase test

A

Tests for enzyme catalase

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17
Q

Microbiology

Catalase

A

Enzyme required by many organisms for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

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18
Q

Microbiology

Gram negative bacteria unique outer membrane of the cell wall is called?

A

Lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS)

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19
Q

Microbiology

What’s unique about the LPS layer?

A

It is made up of lipopolysaccharides instead of the standard phospholipid molecules

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20
Q

Microbiology

What are the 2 parts of the LPS layer and their roles?

A

Lipid A

  • Anchors the LPS to the phospolipid bilayer

O polysaccharides

  • Carbohydrate chains facing the extracellular fluid
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21
Q

Microbiology

Role of the LPS layer

A

Acts as a major barrier to the outside world

Offers protection against antiseptics and antibiotics

Acts as an endotoxin

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22
Q

Microbiology

How is an endotoxin released?

A

When the cell lyses and dies

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23
Q

Microbiology

What is the cause of most symptoms of gram negative bacteria

A

The LPS which acts as an endotoxin

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24
Q
A
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25
Q
A
26
Q

Microbiology

Four structures of bacteria found outside the cell wall

A

The capsule

Fimriae and pili

Axail filaments

Flagellum

27
Q

Microbiology

The capsule

A

Surrounds the cells of some bacteria

Made of polysaccharides and peptides secreted from the cell

Allows bacteria to stick to surfaces

Can help resist phagocytosis

28
Q

Microbiology

How does the capsule help resisit phagocytosis?

A

The capsule inhibits opsinisation and phagocytosis

29
Q

Microbiology

Opsinisation

A

Proteins called opsonins are released as part of an immune response

Opsonin targets pathogen and binds to it and then binds to a macrophage

Increases chances of macrophages binding to pathogen

30
Q

Microbiology

Fimbriae and Pili

A

Sticky projections involved in sticking to host and other bacterial cells

Move by retacting pili

31
Q

Microbiology

What are fimbriae and pili made up of?

A

A single protein called pilin

32
Q

Microbiology

Axial filaments

A

Required for motility in spirochetes

Wrap around the cell between the plasma membrane and the outer membrane

33
Q

Microbiology

Flagullem

A

Helps bacteria move to favourable conditions

34
Q

Microbiology

Bacterial movement can be caused by either…

A

Chemotaxis

Phototaxis

35
Q

Microbiology

Chemotaxis

A

Movement in response to chemicals

36
Q

Microbiology

Phototaxis

A

Movement in response to light

37
Q

Microbiology

Main way bacteria reproduce and what that actually means

A

Binary fission

  • Divide by splitting in two
38
Q

Microbiology

When bacteria reproduce, how similar are the daughter cells to the mother cell?

A

Identical unless mutation occurs

39
Q

Microbiology

Bacteial cell divsion steps

A
40
Q

Microbiology

What causes a very long cell to occur?

A

Depletion of FtsZ

FtsZ acts as a contractile ring and cause the two cells to seperate

41
Q

Microbiology

What gene is responsible for maintaining the rod shape in some bacteria?

A

MreB gene

42
Q

Microbiology

What happens when MreB is depleted?

A

It leads to cocci shapped cells occuring

43
Q

Microbiology

Endospores

A

Can survive dormant in harsh conditions such as:

  • Extreme heat
  • UV radtion
  • Antibiotics
44
Q

Microbiology

Cellular differentation that is involved in endospore formation

A

Bacterial sporulation

45
Q

Microbiology

Stages of endospores converting back to a vegative cell

A

Activation

Germination

Outgrowth

46
Q

Microbiology

When a endospore germinates, what happens during outgrowth?

A

Synthesis of RNA, proteins and DNA

Cell begins to divide

47
Q

Microbiology

Exotoxin

A

Toxin made in the bacteria and released

48
Q

Microbiology

Which sort of toxin does a gram positive bacteria produce?

A

Exotoxin

49
Q

Microbiology

Which sort of toxin does a gram negative bacteria produce?

A

Endotoxin

50
Q

Microbiology

Cytotoxin

A

Exotoxin

Kills cells that comes in contact with it

51
Q

Microbiology

Nuerotoxin

A

Exotoxin

Interferes with neurological signal transmission

52
Q

Microbiology

Enterotoxin

A

Targets the linning of the diggestive system

53
Q

Microbiology

Which type of toxin causes a fever?

A

Endotoxins

54
Q

Microbiology

Which type of toxin is unstable at 60oC?

A

Exotoxins

55
Q

Microbiology

Which type of toxin requires a large amount to be toxic?

A

Endotoxin

56
Q

Microbiology

Which type of toxin only needs a small amount to be toxic?

A

Exotoxins

57
Q

Microbiology

Damage to the plamsa membrane can:

A

Inhibit DNA replication

Destroy the ability to produce energy

Cause loss of membrane integrity and destroy the cell

58
Q

Microbiology

Ribosomes

A

Required for protein production

59
Q

Microbiology

Koch’s postulates

A
  1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
  2. The pathogen must be isolated from the sick host and purified
  3. The pure pathogen must cause the same disease when given to uninfected host
  4. The pathogen must be re-isolated from these newly infected hosts
60
Q

Microbiology

Who developed the germ theory of disease?

A

Robert Koch

61
Q

Microbiology

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative cell walls?

A

Gram positive has a thick peptidoglycan layer

Gram negative has a thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane lipolysaccharide

Biology of Cells 2 (5 decks)

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