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Biology of Cells 2 > Genes and Patterns of Inheritence > Flashcards

Genes and Patterns of Inheritence Flashcards

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1
Q

Genes and Inheritance

What plant did Gregor Mendel use

A

Garden pea

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2
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Traits Mendel observed

A

Flower colour

Flower position

Seed colour

Seed shape

Pod shape

Pod colour

Height

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3
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Single factor cross

A

When an experimenter looks at only one trait

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4
Q

Genes and Inheritance

P generation

A

True breeding parents

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5
Q

Genes and Inheritance

F1 generation

A

Offspring of P cross

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6
Q

Genes and Inheritance

P cross

A

When you cross true bredding parents (P generation)

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7
Q

Genes and Inheritance

F2 generation

A

Result of allowing F1 generation to self fertilise

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8
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Dominant trait

A

Displayed trait

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9
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Recessive trait

A

Trait that is masked by the dominant trait

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10
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Gene

A

Sequence of DNA

Specific area of a specific chromosome

Codes for one of an organisms traits

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11
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Allele

A

Variation of a gene

Every individual has 2 alleles for every trait

Can be dominant or recessive

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12
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Medel’s Law of segregation

A

2 copies of a gene seperate from each other during the transmission from parent to offspring

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13
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Segregation of alleles

A

The two copies of allels carried by the parent seperate from each other

Each sperm/egg carries only 1 allele

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14
Q

Genes and Inheritance

The ratio of traits Medel found in F1

A

3:1

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15
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Genotype

A

Genetic composition of an individual

Homozygous or heterozygous

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16
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Homozygous

A

Carry two alleles for a gene that are the identical

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17
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Heterzygous

A

Carry two alleles for a gene that are different

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18
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Phenotype

A

Characteristics of an organism resulting from the expression of its genes

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19
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Method for predicting the outcome of crosses

A

Punnett square

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20
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Test cross

A

Used to determine an individuals genotype

Cross with a homozygous recessive individual

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21
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Test cross results in offspring that all have the dominant trait

A

Homozygous for the dominant trait

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22
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Test cross results in offspring where half have the dominant trait and half have the recessive trait

A

Heterozygous

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23
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Test cross results in offspring that all have the recessive trait

A

Homozygous for the recessive trait

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24
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Two factor cross

A

Follow inheritance of 2 different traits

Can either be linked or independant

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25
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Two-factor cross results in a 3:1 ratio of offspring characteristics. How are the genes assorted

A

Linked assortment

26
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Two-factor cross results in a 9:3:3:1 ratio of offspring characteristics. How are the genes assorted

A

Independant assortment

27
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Law of independant assortment

A

Alleles of different genes sort independantly of each other during gamete formation

28
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Locus

A

Physical location of a gene on a chromosome

29
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Wild type allele

A

Prevelant allele in a population

Encodes a protein made in the proper amount and functions normally

30
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Mutant alleles

A

Altered by a mutation

Tend to be rare in natural populations

Almost always unable to express a funtional protein

31
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Simple dominance

A

Recessive allele doesn’t affect the phenotype of a heterozygous individual

Dominant allele masks it

32
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Reasons for Mendel using the plant he did

A

Many different characteristics/traits

Self-fertilising

Easy to make crosses with

33
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Imcomplete dominance

A

Heterzygous offspring can show an intemdiate trait to the phenotypes of parents

Neither allele is dominant

50% of normal protein isn’t enough

34
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Codominance

A

Heterzygote express both alleles simultaneously

35
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Pleitropy

A

Mutation to a single gene can have multiple effects to an individuals phenotype

36
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Plant used to discover incomplete dominance

A

Four-o’clock plant

37
Q

Genes and Inheritance

X linked genes and disorders

A

Males hemizygous for X-linked genes

X-linked recessive traits more likely in males

38
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Hemizygous

A

Only one copy of gene is present

39
Q

Genes and Inheritance

X-linked genes

A

Genes found on the X chromosome but not the Y

40
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Norm of reactions

A

Effects of environmental variation of phenotype

For example, plants in better soil grow bigger

41
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Gene interaction

A

When a single charecteristic is controlled by 2 or more genes

42
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Epistasis

A

Gene interactions

When the alleles of one gene can mask the expression of alleles from another gene

Often because 2 or more different proteins involved in a single cellular function

43
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Bateson and Punnett

Early 1900s

A

Crossed 2 varieties of white flowered pea

F1 had all purple flowers - Unexpected

F2 had a 9:7 ratio of purple:white flowers

Concluded must be 2 genes involved in flower colour

44
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Discrete traits

A

Clearly defined phenotypic varients

One or the other trait

45
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Quantitative traits

A

Show contineous variation over a range of phenotypes

Usually polygenic

Environment plays a role

46
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Example of discrete trait

A

White or purple flowers

Red or white eyes

47
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Examples of quantitative traits

A

Height

Hair colour

Skin colour

Number of apples on a tree

48
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Polygenic

A

Several or many genes contribute to the outcome of the trait

Many contribute in an additive way

49
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Gene linkage

A

When 2 genes are close on the same chromosome

Tend to be transmitted as a single unit

Don’t tend to follow the law of independant assortment

50
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Recombinants

A

Normally small number of total offspring

Don’t have the traits of parental generation

51
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Nonrecombinants

A

Combination of traits has not changed from the parental generation

52
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Stage of meiosis where chromsomes can be echanged

A

Crossing over

53
Q

Genes and Inheritance

What effects the likelihood of crossing over

A

Distance between two genes

More likely in genes that are far apart

54
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Recombination frequency

A

Frequency of crossing over between two genes

Used to work out the distance between them

55
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Gentic linkage mapping/gene mapping/chromosome mapping

A

Used to determine linear order of genes that are linked to each other along the same chromosome

56
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Genetic map

A

Chart that shows relative locations of genes on a chromosome

Estimated by how likely a crossover will occur between linked genes

57
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Map units

A

Units of distance between two genes

Equivalent to 1% recombination frequency

58
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Test crosses and recombination frequency

A

Do a two-test cross

If this produces lots of recombinants you can conclude that the two genes are far apart

Ver few recombinants - close together

59
Q

Genes and Inheritance

What can you conclude from a test cross where there are a lot of recombinant offspring

A

The genes in question are far apart on the chromosome

60
Q

Genes and Inheritance

Map distance =

A

Number of recombinants/\total number of offspring

Multiply answer by 100

Biology of Cells 2 (5 decks)

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