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IHD > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of bacteria have an outer membrane?

A

Gram-Negative

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2
Q

What is small enough to pass through a sieve filter?

A

viruses (bacteria are too large)

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3
Q

What is the structure of a gram positive exterior?

A

cell membrane-cell wall

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4
Q

What is a spherical morphology?

A

coccus

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5
Q

What is the first stain used in gram staining?

A

crystal violet

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6
Q

What is the decolorizing agent in gram staining?

A

ethanol

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7
Q

What is the counter stain?

A

safranin

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8
Q

What color are Gram +?

A

violet

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9
Q

What color are Gram -?

A

pink

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10
Q

What is the end result of fermentation?

A

lactic acid and a drop in pH

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11
Q

What is the product of amino acid catabolism?

A

an alkaline environment

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12
Q

What do bacterial cell membranes lack that eukaryotic membranes have?

A

cholesterol

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13
Q

What drug targets bacterial RNA polymerase?

A

Rifampin

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14
Q

What molecule is involved in bacterial DNA replication?

A

DNA gyrase

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15
Q

What metabolic process is unique to bacteria?

A

folate or folic acid synthesis

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16
Q

What type of bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan wall?

A

Gram positive

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17
Q

What phospholipid is most common in bacterial membranes?

A

Phosphotidylethanolamine

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18
Q

What are the three functions of a membrane?

A
  1. Permeability barrier
  2. Protein anchor
  3. Energy Conservation
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19
Q

What are the types of active transport?

A

uniport, symport, antiport

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20
Q

What are the main components of the peptidoglycan wall?

A
  1. NAM
  2. NAG
  3. Pentapeptide (for crosslinking)
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21
Q

What is unique about bacterial amino acids?

A

often in the D conformation

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the peptidoglycan wall?

A

mesh like structure that keeps the cell from bursting

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23
Q

What is DAP?

A

diaminopimelic acid

lysine with an extra amino group

24
Q

What type of linkage is between NAG and NAM?

A

beta 1,4 (transglycosylation)

25
Q

Where is the pentapeptide chain attached?

A

NAM

26
Q

What is the unique amino acid in the Gram + pentapeptide chain?

A

L-Lys

27
Q

What is the unique amino acid in the Gram - pentapeptide chain?

A

DAP

28
Q

How are two chains cross linked in Gram -?

A

Transpeptidation; DAP to D-Ala

29
Q

Where does the energy for cross linking come from?

A

breaking the D-Ala and D-Ala bond

30
Q

What is involved in transpeptidation of Gram + bacteria?

A

L-Lys + Gly(5) + D-Ala

31
Q

What is Gly(5)?

A

pentaglycine bridge that increases the size of peptidoglycan wall in Gram + bacteria

32
Q

What molecules hydrolyze beta 1,4 linkages?

A

autolysins

33
Q

What protein flips subunits of peptidoglycan out from the cytosol for polymerization?

A

bactoprenol

34
Q

What drug blocks bactoprenol and leads to increased levels of subunits of peptidoglycan wall in the cytoplasm?

A

bacitracin

35
Q

What is the role of penicillins?

A

block transpeptidation

36
Q

What are two of the features of the GP peptidoglycan wall?

A

teichoic and lipoteichoic acid

37
Q

What TLR binds teichoic and lipoteichoic acid?

A

TLR 2

38
Q

What part of the GN wall leads to sepsis?

A

lipid A or endotoxin

39
Q

What is the composition of LPS?

A

Lipid A + core + O-antigen

40
Q

Where is lipid A?

A

it is the outer leaflet of the outer membrane in GN bacteria

41
Q

What antigen is associated with flagella?

A

H-antigen

42
Q

What are the three parts of a flagellum?

A

Basal body + Hook + filament

43
Q

What is the type 3 secretion system?

A

translocate virulence effector proteins made in bacteria into host cytoplasm

44
Q

What is the role of pili (fimbriae)?

A

adhesion, twitching motility, conjugation

45
Q

What is a network of polysaccharide or protein that is secreted outside of the bacteria?

A

glycocalyx

46
Q

How are slime layers attached?

A

loosely

47
Q

What is the role of glycocalyx?

A

prevent penetration of antimicrobial compounds and prevent phagocytosis by host immune cells

48
Q

What bacteria has a good glycocalyx?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

49
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

secretion of polysaccharides that allow bacterial aggregation

50
Q

What is the role of biofilms?

A

adhesion, communal growth, resistance to disinfectants and antimicrobials

51
Q

What phase of bacterial growth contains replication and cell division?

A

Log phase or exponential phase

52
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

binary fission

53
Q

What are some of the properties of stationary phase cell?

A

resistant to acidic pH, heat shock, and oxidative stress

54
Q

What is anaerobic metabolism?

A

fermentation

55
Q

What are some of the products of anaerobic metabolism?

A

lactate, acetate, ethanol, H2, pyruvate

56
Q

What is the purpose of the ETS?

A

energy coupling

IHD (4 decks)

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