Microbiology 3: Community-acquired and hospital-acquired bacterial infections

Question 1

Define “outbreak”

Answer 1

Greater than normal/ expected number of individuals infected/ diagnosed with a particular infection in a given period of time/ place/ both

Question 2

What is required in order to identify an outbreak of a disease?

Answer 2

Good surveillance

Question 3

What strain of bacteria produced an outbreak in Germany in 2011?

Answer 3

Entero-aggregative E Coli (EAEC)

Question 4

Recall 3 virulence factors expressed by EAEC

Answer 4

Adhesive surface fimbriae
ESBL
Shiga toxin

Question 5

What is the function of shiga toxin?

Answer 5

Inhibits protein synthesis

Question 6

Recall 2 common community-acquired respiratory infections

Answer 6

Legionella and TB

Question 7

What is the significant virulence factor encoded by Legionella?

Answer 7

Type IV secretion system

Question 8

What is the main challenge when treating TB infection?

Answer 8

Have to complete a 6 month cause of antibiotics

Question 9

Recall 2 common community-acquired venereal infections

Answer 9

Chlamydia trachomatis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 10

In LEDCs, what is a common result of chlamydia infection?

Answer 10

Blindness

Question 11

Recall 2 pathogens that can enter the body via under-cooked poultry

Answer 11

Salmonella

Campylobacter

Question 12

Recall 3 common community-acquired food-borne infections

Answer 12

Salmonella
Campylobacter
Listeria monocytogenes

Question 13

What is the most prevalent strain of campylobacter?

Answer 13

C. jejuni

Question 14

Recall 3 important virulence factors encoded by campylobacter

Answer 14

Adhesion factors
Flagella (–> motility)
Type IV secretion system

Question 15

What does “SP” stand for in microbiology?

Answer 15

Pathogenicity island

Question 16

What is the most important virulence factor encoded by salmonella?

Answer 16

Type III secretion system

Question 17

What are the 2 most significant virulence factors encoded by vibrio cholerae?

Answer 17

Type IV fimbriae

Cholera toxin

Question 18

Why is listeria monocytogenes particularly dangerous for pregnant women?

Answer 18

Can cross materno-foetal barrier

Found in unpasteurised cheese

Question 19

Recall 4 vaccine-preventable diseases

Answer 19

Diptheria
Pertussis (bordatella)
Tetanus (clostridium tetani)
H. influenzae

Question 20

What is an endotoxin?

Answer 20

Lipid moiety of LPS (so only produced by G- bacteria)

Question 21

Recall the 6 ESCAPE pathogens

Answer 21

Enterococcus faecium
S. aureus
C. difficile
Acitenobacter baumanii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterobacter spp

Question 22

Which pathogen is the most frequent cause of UTI?

Answer 22

E Coli

Question 23

Recall one beta-lactam antibiotic that E coli that encodes ESBL is resistant to, and one that it is mostly still susceptible to

Answer 23

Resistant to cephalosporins

Mostly still resistant to carbapenems

Question 24

How does ESBL convey resistance to beta lactam antibiotics?

Answer 24

Inhibits PBPs

Question 25

How is resistance to methicillin conveyed in MRSA?

Answer 25

Expresses PBP2a which has a low affinity for methicillin

Question 26

How does VRE convey resistance to vancomycin?

Answer 26

Synthesises a different peptidoglycan precursor