Microbiology 3: Bacterial taxonomics

Question 1

What are the 4 groups of microorganisms?

Answer 1

photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoheterotrophs

Question 2

What does prefix auto- indicate?

Answer 2

CO2 carbon source

Question 3

What does prefix hetero- indicate?

Answer 3

organic compounds carbon source

Question 4

What does prefix photo- mean?

Answer 4

light (energy source)

Question 5

What does prefix chemo- mean?

Answer 5

chemical compounds (energy source)

Question 6

How do photoautotrophs get their energy?

Answer 6

CO2 and light

Question 7

How do chemoautotrophs get their energy?

Answer 7

inorganic energy, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, nitrifying bacteria and carbon from CO2

Question 8

What category are green nonsulfur bacteria and purple nonsulfur bacteria and some archea?

Answer 8

photoheterotrophs

Question 9

What category are plants, algae, and cyanobacteria? Do they use H2O and produce O2?

Answer 9

photoautotrophs
yes

Question 10

What category are green sulfur bacteria and purple sulfur bacteria? Do they use H2O and produce O2?

Answer 10

photoautotrophs
no

Question 11

What group are nitrifying bacteria and some archea?

Answer 11

chemoautotrophs

Question 12

Chemoheterotrophs are divided into aerobic, anaerobic and fermentation. What species are in each?

Answer 12

aerobic: most animals, fungi, protozoa, many bacteria
anaerobic: some animals, protozoa, bacteria, archaea
fermentation: some bacteria, yeasts, archaea

Question 13

How do we sort species? (2)

Answer 13

nutritional and energetic requirements
1.) energy source
2.) carbon source (used to make larger macromolecules)

Question 14

Which group has the same energetic and metabolic needs as us? Why is this a problem?

Answer 14

They can hijack our bodies for their own needs

Question 15

What are the 3 domains of life?

Answer 15

1.) bacteria
2.) eukarya (us, animals, fungi)
3.) archaea

Question 16

How do we sort species?

Answer 16

using rRNA

Question 17

What term tells us to choose the simplest scientific explanation that fits the evidence. In terms of tree-building, that means that the best hypothesis is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary changes.

Answer 17

parasimony

Question 18

What are the 4 types of bacteria?

Answer 18

1.) gram -
2.) gram +
3.) deeply branching
4.) cyanobacteria

Question 19

Which type of bacteria has no impact on human health? Why?

Answer 19

deeply branching, they are deeply branching, chemoautotrophs and thrive in acidic, hot, anaerobic environments with UV radiation (like earth once once) ex. volcanoes, hot springs

Our bodies are not prime environments for them

Question 20

How are bacteria named?

Answer 20

Genus followed by species

Question 21

What does the gram stain help the clinician to do?

Answer 21

differentiate if the organism is round or rod shaped

Question 22

Gram stain. What color?
gram +?
gram -?

Answer 22

blue
red

Question 23

True or false. Archaea are a type of bacteria.

Answer 23

False. totally distinct

Question 24

Where is the pigment of a plant embedded, that makes them green?

Answer 24

thylakoids

Question 25

True or false. The color of the bacteria will be determined by the wavelengths absorbed.

Answer 25

FALSE. … by the wavelengths NOT absorbed, because they are getting reflected. (white T shirt reflects all pigment, black absorbs all)

Question 26

In photosynthesis associated with plants and algae, what color(s) get absorbed/reflected?

Answer 26

green is reflected, all other are absorbed.

Question 27

What do green and purple phototrophs use instead of water and what is the product?

Answer 27

hydrogen sulfide
sulfur

Question 28

Do phototrophic bacteria affect human health?

Answer 28

no

Question 29

What classification are green and purple phototrophs?

Answer 29

deeply branching bacteria

Question 30

Gram positive bacteria have less than ______% of CG (guanine and cytosine bases) content.

Answer 30

50%

Question 31

Clostridia
1.) shape
2.) reproduction
3.) oxygen
4.) type

Answer 31

1.) rod shaped
2.) spores
3.) obligate anaerobes
4.) low GC gram +

Question 32

C. tetani (tetanus); C. perfringens (gangrene); C. botulinum (botulism); C. difficile (severe diarrhea)

Types of what type of bacteria?

Answer 32

Clostridia

Question 33

Mycoplasms.
1.) shape
2.) oxygen
3.) type
4.) reproduction

Answer 33

1.) pleomorphic - varying shape and size
2.) facultative anaerobes.
3.) low GC gram +
4.) binary fission (single cell dividing into daughter cells)

Question 34

Which bacteria is lacking a cell wall but still grouped with gram positives? Will it stain gram + or -? Why doesn’t it need a cell wall?

Answer 34

mycoplasmas, negative, but DNA sequencing confirms gram +, because it lives in safe places free from harsh chemicals (ex. digestive system)

Question 35

What does facultative anaerobes mean?

Answer 35

They are aerobic and prefer oxygen-rich environments, but can grow in the absence of O2 by using fermentation for energy.

Question 36

Bacillus.
1.) shape
2.) location
3.) useful?
4.) example
5.) type
6.) reproduction

Answer 36

1.) peritrichous flagella
2.) soil, aerobic
3.) yes, for farmers. They can destroy harmful microorganisms with it, because when they consume it, they die
4.) antharax (B. anthracis)
5.) low GC gram +
6.) spores

Question 37

What are peritrichous flagella?

Answer 37

flagella dispersed uniformly over the entire surface of the bacterial cell.

move in a swimming or tumbling way

Question 38

Listeria.
1.) shape
2.) reproduction
3.) environment (hot or cold?)
4.) type

Answer 38

1.) rod-shaped
2.) no spores, binary fission
3.) facultative anaerobe, can live in cold environments (this is why refrigerated meat and milk can go bad)
4.) low CG gram +

Question 39

What is binary fission?

Answer 39

The bacterial cell elongates and it’s genetic material is duplicated.

Question 40

lactobacillus
1.) shape
2.) reproduction
3.) location
4.) anything special?
5.) low CG gram +

Answer 40

1.) rod-shaped
2.) binary fission
3.) facultative anaerobic, stomach, mouth, intestine, vagina
4.) YES! it is a microbial antagonist- protect the body from growth of pathogens. By inhibiting areas where pathogens may live, other bacteria cannot occupy that area.

Question 41

What is it called when a bacteria can protect the body from growth of pathogens. By inhibiting areas where pathogens may live, other bacteria cannot occupy that area.

Answer 41

microbial antagonist

Question 42

L. monocytogenes (Can invade white blood cells!) Cause listeriosis. By hiding in WBC, the immune system can’t fight them

Which bacteria is this?

Answer 42

listeria

Question 43

Corynebacterium
1.) shape
2.) reproduction
3.) type
4.) location

Answer 43

1.) rod- shaped or pleomorphic
2.) snapping divisions (v-shapes or palisades)
3.) high CG, gram
4.) facultative anaerobic

Question 44

Mycobacterium
1.) shape
2.) reproduction
3.) type
4.) fun fact
5.) texture

Answer 44

1.) slightly curved straight rods
2.) binary fission
3.) high GC, gram +
4.) stains pink/gram - due to waxy cell
5.) waxy

Question 45

Famous members: M. leprae (leprosy) and M. tuberculosis

Answer 45

mycobacterium

Question 46

Nocardia (subgroup of actinomycetes)
1.) shape
2.) location
3.) type
4.) fun fact

Answer 46

1.) branching, filamentous, and beaded
2.) aerobic
3.) high CG gram +
4.) waxy cells wall, rejects crystal violet

Question 47

For a bacteria with a waxy cell wall, what test should be given instead of the gram stain?

Answer 47

acid-fast

Question 48

Actinomycetes
1.) shape
2.) location
3.) reproduction
4.) What are the 3 subgroups
5.) Type
6.) x2 fun facts!

Answer 48

1.) branching filaments (look like fungi)
2.) aerobic, oral cavity or throat. Soil and water. feed off pollutants in lakes and landfills
3.) spores at the end of the filaments
4.) actinomyces, nocardia, streptomyces
5.) high CG gram +
6.) produce antibiotics
7.) decompose matter, like wood

Question 49

alphaproteobacteria
1.) shape
2.) location
3.) reproduction
4.) type

Answer 49

1.) Prostheca- protrusion of cytoplasm, cell membrane and cell wall (allows it to latch on to substrate and suck nutrients)
2.) aerobes, but can survive with only little nutrients
3.) binary fission
4.) gram -/ proteobacteria

Question 50

Caulobacter is an example of what type of proteobacteria? What is unique about it?

Answer 50

Alphaproteobacteria. flagella in daughter cell, stalked/ swarmer, then can join back together to make a rosette (like a star of many of them)

Question 51

Which subgroup does rhizobium belong to? And what is it?

Answer 51

nitrogen fixer (roots)
alphaproteobacteria

Question 52

What is unique about spirochetes?

Answer 52

flexible, spiral shaped bacteria with corkscrew motility

Question 53

What does trepnnema cause? g- or g+

Answer 53

Syphillis g-

Question 54

What does Borrelia cause? g- or g+?

Answer 54

Lyme disease, g-

Question 55

What does Neissera cause? type of bacteria?

Answer 55

Gonorrhea, beta-proteobacteria, g-

Question 56

What type of bacteria causes Legionnaire’s disease and pontiac fever?

Answer 56

gamma-proteobacteria. legionella and pseudomonas

Question 57

In an acid-fast test, what color will an acid-fast bacteria turn? non-acid-fast bacteria?

Answer 57

pink/red
blue

Question 58

Which bacteria takes months to grow on plates? examples are M. lepra and M. tuberculosis

Answer 58

mycobacterium`

Question 59

What is it called when no oxygen is produced?

Answer 59

anoxygenic

Question 60

What type of deep branching bacteria are heterocysts and akinete present?

Answer 60

cyanobacteria

Question 61

What are heterocysts? Akinete?

Answer 61

Protective measures for cyanobacteria to live in harsh environments.
heterocyst- used for nitrogen fixation
Akinete- thick wall