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Fundamentals-Sarah > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is gyrase topoisomerase?

A

Enzymes that uncoils bacterial DNA–good target for antibiotic

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2
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

circular “extra” piece of bacterial DNA that often carry genes for resistance

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3
Q

What 4 things are located in the membrane of bacteria?

A

motility machinery
electron transport chain
ion transport machinery
metabolite uptake and release machinery

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4
Q

What type of rRNA do bacteria have?

A

have 5s and 16s

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5
Q

Mycoplasmatales

A

Bacteria with no cell wall

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6
Q

Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Vancomycin, Bacitracin

A

Inhibit cell wall

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7
Q

What is peptidoglycan made of?

A

Repeating units of muramic acid and glucosamine

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8
Q

Transglycosidation

A

assembly of peptidoglycan subunits

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9
Q

Transpeptidation

A

cross-linking of Mur and Glu chains to make peptidogylcan

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10
Q

Gram + bacteria

A

2 layers–Thick peptidoglycan (teichoi acid) and inner membrane

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11
Q

Gram - bacteria

A

3 layers–outer membrane with LPS, thin layer of peptidoglycan, and inner membrane

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12
Q

Lipopolysaccharide

A

ENDOTOXIN that binds TLR4

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13
Q

Which part of LPS is toxic?

A

Lipid A

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14
Q

Which part of LPS is variable depending on bacteria?

A

O antigen

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15
Q

Gram + bacteria stain

A

Purple (purple dye and iodine)

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16
Q

Gram - bacteria stain

A

Pink (sulfranin)

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17
Q

Capsules

A

Protective layer for bacteria that creates a physical barrier, inhibit phagocytosis by interfering with complement, immune evasion through molecules mimicry

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18
Q

What do spores contain?

A

contain DNA and just a few proteins–protected by peptidoglycan

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19
Q

Why do spores form?

A

Form due to limited nutrients and harsh environments

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20
Q

Which type of bacteria undergo sporulation?

A

ONLY GRAM +

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21
Q

What is a biofilm

A

Community of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced polymeric matrix, adherent to an inert or living surface, and resistant to host defenses and antibiotics–dental plaque

22
Q

Flagella

A

Provide motility so that bacteria can swim–get energy from inner membrane

23
Q

Pili or Fimbriae

A

Hairlike structures on surface that are responsible for the attachment of bacteria and communication

24
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

must be in oxygen–oxidative pathways

25
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

NO OXYGEN–it is toxic!–fermentation

26
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

Grow in presence or absence of oxygen

27
Q

Microaerophilic aerobes

A

Needs oxygen, but too much will kill (use aerobic respiration)

28
Q

Aerotolerant bacteria

A

Tolerate small amounts of oxygen

29
Q

How do bacteria break down oxygen radicals?

A

Same enzymes as humans
Superoxide dismutase
Catalase or Peroxidase

30
Q

Why do bacteria need nitrogen?

A

Protein and nucleic acid synthesis–obtained from decamp

31
Q

Where do bacteria get carbon from?

A

organic carbon sources, carbohydrates, proteins, fats

32
Q

Things required for bacterial growth

A

Sulfur, phosphorus, trace elements, iron

33
Q

Siderophore

A

iron scavengers–have high affinity for ferric iron

34
Q

Glycolysis

A

aerobic and anaerobic process that creates 2ATP and 2 NADH

35
Q

Fermentation

A

Breaks down pyruvate to FAs, alcohol, and CO2

36
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

Breaks down pyruvate aerobically to create materials for ETC

37
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Better than fermentation but less efficient than aerobic

38
Q

What do you need to culture bacteria in virgo?

A

Special atmospheres
Incubators
Supplemental CO2
Synthetic media

39
Q

How can you identify bacteria?

A

Look at their byproducts

40
Q

Why is there a lag phase on a growth curve?

A

During this time, bacteria are synthesizing everything they need to replicate

41
Q

How do we count bacteria by dilution?

A

Serial 10 fold dilution are plated and then colonies counted and multiplied by the dilution factor

42
Q

What is a spectrophotometer used for?

A

Measure the turbidity of broth culture to determine how many bacteria are present

43
Q

What 4 things can cause bacterial death?

A

Membrane disruption
Denaturation of proteins
DNA replication disruption
Oxidation

44
Q

Sterilization

A

Use of physical or chemical means to destroy all microbial forms (vegetative and spores)

45
Q

Autoclave

A

Sterilization technique where increased pressure raises boiling point and temp

46
Q

Ethylene oxide gas

A

Sterilization technique

47
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Sterilization technique used for syringes and catheters

48
Q

Disinfection

A

Use of physical or chemical means to destroy most bacterial cells and spores on surface and objects

49
Q

Antisepsis

A

use of chemical agents on skin or other tissues to remove or inhibit bacterial agents

50
Q

Pasteurization

A

Heat treatment at specific temp for duration of time

51
Q

Boiling

A

purifying technique that kills bacteria but not all spores (can release endotoxin)

Fundamentals-Sarah (5 decks)

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