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Fundamentals-Sarah > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

epithelial tissue

A

Line cavities and covers organs

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2
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A

separate two distinct domains while still allowing them to interact

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3
Q

Microvilli

A

increase surface area–made of actin filaments

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4
Q

Cilia

A

motile–made of MT

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5
Q

Occluding Junctions (ZONA OCCLUDENS/TIGHT JUNCTIONS)

A

Seals cells tightly together so that nothing transports–made of claudin and occluden

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6
Q

Anchoring Junctions (ZONA ADHERENS)

A

lateral adhesion between cells due to cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) cadherins and integrins

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7
Q

Macula Adherens (Desmosome)

A

Strong, spot like projections with attachment plaque inside

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8
Q

Communicating Gap Junctions

A

permits passage of molecules between cells through transmembrane proteins formed by connexins

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9
Q

Basement membrane

A

Under epithelial tissue and connected by collagen

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10
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

Focal adhesion and hemidesmosomes

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11
Q

Basal infoldings

A

Mitochondria close to bottom and nucleus towards apical membrane

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12
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

More fibers than cells; regular vs irregular

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13
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

More cells than fibers

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14
Q

Firboblasts

A

produce and maintain ECM by making collagen and elastin

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15
Q

Adipocytes

A

make adipose

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16
Q

Granulocytes

A

Leukocytes that have granules

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17
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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18
Q

Formation of collagen

A

3 helices that are packaged as procollagen

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19
Q

Amporphous ground substance

A

water, ions, proteins, carbohydrates

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20
Q

Stem cells

A

non differentiated cells capable of differentiating into specific cell types

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21
Q

Multipotent cells

A

have ability to make multiple types of cells

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22
Q

Totipotent

A

have unlimited cell potential

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23
Q

pluripotent

A

have multi-organ potential

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24
Q

progenitor cells

A

limited stem potential

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25
Precursor cells
cells are committed to fate
26
Blastocyst
have cells that are close to totipotent
27
Characteristics of Embryonic stem cells
derived from blastocyst pluripotent tumorigenic
28
Characteristics of Adult stem cells
Found in hematopoietic, mesenchymal-derived, hepatic, and neural tissue
29
How to use induced stem cells
use patient's own cells and transfect with transcription factors--reverse differentiation and dedifferentiate into desired cells and infuse in patient
30
Stem cell differentiation is regulated by
Interleukins, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors
31
How does fibronectin interact with stem cells
interacts with integrins on cell surface
32
How does thrombospondin interact with stem cells
binds soluble cytokines to present to cells
33
How does hemonectin interact with stem cells
binds myeloid cells
34
How do heparin sulfate and chrondroitin sulfate interact with stem cells
bind varios ligands
35
How do stromal or adventitial cells help establish ECM
secrete extracellular molecules and present cell surface molecules and GF to stem cell
36
How do endothelial cells interact with stem cells
supports differentiation, permit targeting and adhesion, permit transmigration of cells
37
How do osteoblasts interact with stem cells
engraftment
38
Where are stem cells found?
In peripheral blood--must leave bone marrow and migrate
39
Megakaryocyte
Large, polyploid cell that fragments to form platelets
40
What is the development of a megakaryocyte
``` MK-E pluripotent cells CFU-MK Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte Platelets ```
41
What are the characteristics of platelets?
Pieces of cytoplasm that have membrane, MT, secretory granules, glycogen, and mitochondria
42
Name some molecules that platelets interact with
Fibrinogen Collagen von Willebrand factor
43
Steps of erythoid differentiation
``` Proerythroblack basophilic erythroblast Polychromatic erythroblast Orthrochromatophilic erythroblast reticulocyte erythrocyte ```
44
At what stage of myeloid differentiation are the cells considered mature?
Metamyelocyte
45
Development of the cardiovascular system during development
Blood--3 wks Vessels--3 wks Heart sounds--21-22 days
46
Development of blood vessels
FGF makes cells undergo changes and VEGF makes cells produce tube like structure
47
Vasculogenesis
making of blood vessels during fetal development (no pre-existing ones)
48
Angiogenesis
Elaboration of the initial framework of blood vessels
49
Endothelial cell functions
``` Permeability regulation of coagulation regulation of immune response modules blood pressure growth and repair involvement in lipid metabolism ```
50
Continuous capillaries
no gaps between cells (lungs and GI)
51
Fenestrated capillaries
pores that keep large molecules in but allows passage of smaller ones
52
Discontinuous capillaries
basement membrane and endothelium are discontinuous
53
Lymphatic system
removes excess liquid left in interstitial fluid
54
Three layers of blood vessels
tunica interna tunica media tunica adventitia
55
Pericytes
specialized cells found on capillaries and venues (more numerous)
56
What do arteries have that veins do not?
Smooth muscle
57
What do veins have that arteries do not?
Valves
58
Tunica Interna
Lined with endothelial cells
59
Tunica media
More robust in artery than vein
60
Tunica adventitia
contains connective tissue and sparse smooth muscle
61
Vaso vasorum
Bring blood to adventitia and outer media

Fundamentals-Sarah (5 decks)

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