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Fundamentals-Sarah > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

epithelial tissue

A

Line cavities and covers organs

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2
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A

separate two distinct domains while still allowing them to interact

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3
Q

Microvilli

A

increase surface area–made of actin filaments

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4
Q

Cilia

A

motile–made of MT

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5
Q

Occluding Junctions (ZONA OCCLUDENS/TIGHT JUNCTIONS)

A

Seals cells tightly together so that nothing transports–made of claudin and occluden

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6
Q

Anchoring Junctions (ZONA ADHERENS)

A

lateral adhesion between cells due to cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) cadherins and integrins

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7
Q

Macula Adherens (Desmosome)

A

Strong, spot like projections with attachment plaque inside

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8
Q

Communicating Gap Junctions

A

permits passage of molecules between cells through transmembrane proteins formed by connexins

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9
Q

Basement membrane

A

Under epithelial tissue and connected by collagen

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10
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

Focal adhesion and hemidesmosomes

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11
Q

Basal infoldings

A

Mitochondria close to bottom and nucleus towards apical membrane

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12
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

More fibers than cells; regular vs irregular

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13
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

More cells than fibers

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14
Q

Firboblasts

A

produce and maintain ECM by making collagen and elastin

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15
Q

Adipocytes

A

make adipose

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16
Q

Granulocytes

A

Leukocytes that have granules

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17
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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18
Q

Formation of collagen

A

3 helices that are packaged as procollagen

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19
Q

Amporphous ground substance

A

water, ions, proteins, carbohydrates

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20
Q

Stem cells

A

non differentiated cells capable of differentiating into specific cell types

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21
Q

Multipotent cells

A

have ability to make multiple types of cells

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22
Q

Totipotent

A

have unlimited cell potential

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23
Q

pluripotent

A

have multi-organ potential

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24
Q

progenitor cells

A

limited stem potential

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25
Q

Precursor cells

A

cells are committed to fate

26
Q

Blastocyst

A

have cells that are close to totipotent

27
Q

Characteristics of Embryonic stem cells

A

derived from blastocyst
pluripotent
tumorigenic

28
Q

Characteristics of Adult stem cells

A

Found in hematopoietic, mesenchymal-derived, hepatic, and neural tissue

29
Q

How to use induced stem cells

A

use patient’s own cells and transfect with transcription factors–reverse differentiation and dedifferentiate into desired cells and infuse in patient

30
Q

Stem cell differentiation is regulated by

A

Interleukins, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors

31
Q

How does fibronectin interact with stem cells

A

interacts with integrins on cell surface

32
Q

How does thrombospondin interact with stem cells

A

binds soluble cytokines to present to cells

33
Q

How does hemonectin interact with stem cells

A

binds myeloid cells

34
Q

How do heparin sulfate and chrondroitin sulfate interact with stem cells

A

bind varios ligands

35
Q

How do stromal or adventitial cells help establish ECM

A

secrete extracellular molecules and present cell surface molecules and GF to stem cell

36
Q

How do endothelial cells interact with stem cells

A

supports differentiation, permit targeting and adhesion, permit transmigration of cells

37
Q

How do osteoblasts interact with stem cells

A

engraftment

38
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

In peripheral blood–must leave bone marrow and migrate

39
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

Large, polyploid cell that fragments to form platelets

40
Q

What is the development of a megakaryocyte

A 
MK-E pluripotent cells
CFU-MK
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Platelets
41
Q

What are the characteristics of platelets?

A

Pieces of cytoplasm that have membrane, MT, secretory granules, glycogen, and mitochondria

42
Q

Name some molecules that platelets interact with

A

Fibrinogen
Collagen
von Willebrand factor

43
Q

Steps of erythoid differentiation

A 
Proerythroblack
basophilic erythroblast
Polychromatic erythroblast
Orthrochromatophilic erythroblast
reticulocyte
erythrocyte
44
Q

At what stage of myeloid differentiation are the cells considered mature?

A

Metamyelocyte

45
Q

Development of the cardiovascular system during development

A

Blood–3 wks
Vessels–3 wks
Heart sounds–21-22 days

46
Q

Development of blood vessels

A

FGF makes cells undergo changes and VEGF makes cells produce tube like structure

47
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

making of blood vessels during fetal development (no pre-existing ones)

48
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Elaboration of the initial framework of blood vessels

49
Q

Endothelial cell functions

A 
Permeability 
regulation of coagulation
regulation of immune response
modules blood pressure
growth and repair
involvement in lipid metabolism
50
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

no gaps between cells (lungs and GI)

51
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

pores that keep large molecules in but allows passage of smaller ones

52
Q

Discontinuous capillaries

A

basement membrane and endothelium are discontinuous

53
Q

Lymphatic system

A

removes excess liquid left in interstitial fluid

54
Q

Three layers of blood vessels

A

tunica interna
tunica media
tunica adventitia

55
Q

Pericytes

A

specialized cells found on capillaries and venues (more numerous)

56
Q

What do arteries have that veins do not?

A

Smooth muscle

57
Q

What do veins have that arteries do not?

A

Valves

58
Q

Tunica Interna

A

Lined with endothelial cells

59
Q

Tunica media

A

More robust in artery than vein

60
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

contains connective tissue and sparse smooth muscle

61
Q

Vaso vasorum

A

Bring blood to adventitia and outer media

Fundamentals-Sarah (5 decks)

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