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Foundations (Year 1) > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Chain of Infection?

A
  • Infectious Agent
  • Reservoir
  • Portal of Exit
  • Mode of Transmission
  • Portal of Entry
  • Susceptible Host
    …. And back to the top
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2
Q

Gram positive stains _______
Gram negative stains ________

A

Gram positive stains purple
Gram negative stains pink

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3
Q

What is the structure of the membrane etc. of gram positive bacteria?

A

Inner Membrane ->
Multi Layer Peptidoglycan & 2nd polymer ->
Protein layer ->
Lipocarbohydrate throughout ->
Capsule on top

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4
Q

What is the structure of the membrane etc. of gram negative bacteria?

A

Inner membrane ->
Peptidoglycan layer ->
Lipoprotein & protein layer ->
Outer membrane ->
Lipopolysacharrides / Endotoxin layer ->
Capsule on the top

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5
Q

What are the 3 main types of Gram +ve bacteria?

A

Gram +ve bacteria:
- Cocci - streptococci
- Cocci - Staphylococcus
- Bacilli - Clostridium

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6
Q

List 5 types of streptococci.
Identify whether these types of bacteria are examples of alpha, beta or gamma streptococci.

A

Alpha:
- Strep pneumoniae
- Strep viridans

Beta:
- Strep A
- Strep B

Gamma:
- Enterococcus

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7
Q

List 2 types of staphylococcus
Identify which type is coagulase +ve and which type is coagulase -ve

A

Coagulase +ve
- Staph Aureus

Coagulase -ve
- Staph Epidermidis

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8
Q

List 5 types of gram -ve bacteria

A

Gram -ve bacteria:
- Cocci
- Bacilli
- Coccobacilli
- Spirillium
- Vibrio

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9
Q

List 2 types of gram -ve cocci bacteria
Are these bacteria aerobic or anaerobic?

A

2 types of gram -ve cocci bacteria:
- Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
- Neisseria Meningitidis

Gram -ve cocci bacteria = aerobic

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10
Q

List 6 types of gram -ve bacilli bacteria
Are these bacteria aerobic?

A

6 types of gram -ve bacilli bacteria:
- Pseudomonas
- Eschietrias Coli
- Salmonella
- Shigella
- Klebsiella
- Legionella

These bacteria are aerobic but can also be anaerobic (except legionella).

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11
Q

List 4 types of gram -ve coccobacilli bacteria

A
  • Haemophilus Influenzae
  • Bordetella Pertussis
  • Coxiella Burnetii
  • Chlamydia Trachomatis
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12
Q

List 2 types of gram -ve spirillium bacteria

A
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • Campylobacter jejuni
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13
Q

List an example of a gram -ve vibrio bacteria

A

Vibrio cholerae

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14
Q

List an example of a mycobacteria

A

Mycobacterium TB

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15
Q

What are the 4 antibiotic types which target the membrane?

A
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Carbapenems
  • Glycopeptides
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16
Q

What are the 3 antibiotic types which target DNA synthesis?

A
  • Quinolones
  • Nitroimidazoles
  • Diaminopyrimidine
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17
Q

What are the 4 antibiotic types which target protein synthesis?

A
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Tetracyclines
  • Macrolides
  • Lincomycins
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18
Q

With regard to Penicillins:

  1. Give an example
  2. State the MOA
  3. State the target organism
  4. Do they have any side effects?
  5. Any other important details
  6. Do they have bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects?
A
  1. AmoxiCILLIN
  2. B-Lactams. Bind to PBPs -> prevents cross linking of Peptidoglycan wall.
  3. Gram +/- ve
  4. No side effects
  5. Safe in pregnancy. B-lactamase threat.
  6. Bactericidal
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19
Q

With regard to Cephalosporins:

  1. Give an example
  2. State the MOA
  3. State the target organism
  4. Do they have any side effects?
  5. Any other important details
  6. Do they have bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects?
A
  1. CEPH-
  2. B-Lactams. Bind to PBPs -> prevents cross linking of Peptidoglycan wall.
  3. Gram +/- ve
  4. No side effects
  5. Safe in pregnancy. ESBL threat
  6. Bactericidal
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20
Q

With regard to Carbapenems:

  1. Give an example
  2. State the MOA
  3. State the target organism
  4. Do they have any side effects?
  5. Any other important details
A
  1. ImiPENEM
  2. B-Lactams. Bind to PBPs -> Prevents cross linking of Peptidoglycan wall
  3. Gram +/- ve
  4. No side effects
  5. CPEs threat
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21
Q

With regard to Glycopeptides:

  1. Give an example
  2. State the MOA
  3. State the target organism
  4. Do they have any side effects?
  5. Any other important details
  6. Do they have bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects?
A
  1. Vancomycin/ -ANIN
  2. Binds to D-al-D-al -> preventing PBP binding & cross linking
  3. Gram +ve
  4. Nephrotoxicity
  5. IV only
  6. Bactericidal
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22
Q

With regard to Quinolones:

  1. Give an example
  2. State the MOA
  3. State the target organism
  4. Do they have any side effects?
  5. Any other important details
  6. Do they have bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects?
A
  1. CiproflOXACIN/ Nalidixic acid
  2. Inhibit DNA gyrase
  3. Gram +/- ve
  4. Tendonitis
  5. Good for bone & respiratory infections & UTIs
  6. Bactericidal
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23
Q

With regard to Nitroimidazoles:

  1. Give an example
  2. State the MOA
  3. State the target organism
  4. Do they have any side effects?
  5. Any other important details
A
  1. MetronidAZOLE
  2. Forms radicals which inhibit nucleic acid/ DNA synthesis
  3. Gram +/-ve anaerobes
  4. Interacts with alcohol
  5. N/A
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24
Q

With regard to Diaminopyrimidine:

  1. Give an example
  2. State the MOA
  3. State the target organism
  4. Do they have any side effects?
  5. Any other important details
A
  1. Trimethoprim
  2. Folic acid synthesis inhibitor
  3. Gram +/- ve
  4. No side effects
  5. Primary use - UTIs
    Other folic acid synthesis inhibitors - sulphanomides
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25
With regard to Aminoglycosides: 1. Give an example 2. State the MOA 3. State the target organism 4. Do they have any side effects? 5. Any other important details 6. Do they have bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects?
1. Gentamicin (IV) / -MYCIN 2. Irreversible 30S subunit binding -> mRNA misread 3. Gram -ve anaerobes e.g coliforms & pseudomonas 4. Nephrotoxicity & Ototoxicity (CN VIII damage) 5. N/A 6. Bactericidal
26
With regard to Tetracyclines: 1. Give an example 2. State the MOA 3. State the target organism 4. Do they have any side effects? 5. Any other important details 6. Do they have bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects?
1. DoxyCYCLINE 2. Binds to 30S subunit -> blocks tRNA attachment 3. Gram +/- ve 4. Teeth discolouration, bone damage, photosensitivity 5. Unsafe in kids Safe in renal failure Anti inflammatory 6. Bacteriostatic
27
With regard to Macrolides: 1. Give an example 2. State the MOA 3. State the target organism 4. Do they have any side effects? 5. Any other important details 6. Do they have bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects?
1. Ery/Azi/ClariTHROMYCIN 2. Binds to 50S subunit -> inhibits translocation & peptide release 3. Mainly gram -ve 4. No side effects 5. Safe in pregnancy Safe in renal failure Good for penicillin allergy 6. Bacteriostatic
28
With regard to Lincomycins: 1. Give an example 2. State the MOA 3. State the target organism 4. Do they have any side effects? 5. Any other important details
1. ClindaMYCIN 2. Binds to 50S subunit -> inhibits translocation & peptide release 3. Mainly gram -ve 4. No side effects 5. Safe in pregnancy Safe in renal failure
29
What are the 4 C’s?
4 C’s - Coamoxiclav, Cephalosporins, Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin
30
What antibiotic is most suitable for targeting staph aureus?
Flucloxacillin IV
31
What antibiotic is most suitable for targeting staph epidermidis?
Vancomycin IV
32
What antibiotic is most suitable for targeting strep pyrogenes?
Doxycycline
33
What antibiotic is most suitable for targeting anaerobes?
Metronidazole
34
What antibiotic is most suitable for targeting Coliforms (gram -ve)?
Gentamicin
35
What antibiotic is most suitable for targeting C Diff?
Vancomycin
36
What are 3 processes by which bacterial DNA can be transferred?
Transfer of bacterial DNA: - Transformation: via picking up DNA from a dead bacteria - Conjugation: via plasmid transfer - Transduction: via bacteriophages (viruses)
37
What are 5 methods of natural antibiotic resistance?
Methods of natural resistance: 1. Active efflux: Bacteria pushes the antibiotic out of the cell 2. Target replication: Making the antibiotic less effective 3. Modified drug target: Target where antibiotic works is changed so antibiotic ineffective 4. Decreased permeability: Bacteria alter structure of cell wall so antibiotic cannot penetrate 5. Drug inactivating enzymes: Bacteria produce enzymes to inactive the antibiotics
38
What are the steps involved in viral replication?
Viral Replication: 1. Attachment to specific receptors in target cell 2. Entry - endocytosis 3. Uncoating - viral nucleic acid released from capsid 4. Nucleic acid and protein synthesis - host ribosomes used (host polymerases may also be used) to produce new viral proteins 5. Assembly - nucleic acids and proteins packaged together 6. Release: - Budding - virus released with envelope derived from host cell membrane, doesn’t kill cell - Lysis - viruses accumulates until cell bursts, killing cell
39
What are 4 mechanisms of spread of viruses?
Mechanisms of spread: - Localised (discrete infection) - Spreading through nervous system (HSV) - Spreading through blood (HIV) - Spreading through immune system (TB)
40
What is the “Minimum Inhibitory Concentration” (MIC)?
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) - Minimum antimicrobial concentration that will inhibit growth of organism over fixed period of time
41
What is the “Minimum Bactericidal Concentration” (MBC)?
Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) - Minimum antimicrobial concentration that will kill organism over fixed period of time.
42
There are different colour codings for waste disposal. The yellow circle represents: 1. What type of waste? 2. Is this waste hazardous? 3. How should this waste be disposed of?
1. Infectious waste 2. Yes, it is Hazardous 3. Requires disposal by incineration
43
There are different colour codings for waste disposal. The orange circle represents: 1. What type of waste? 2. Is this waste hazardous? 3. How should this waste be disposed of?
1. Infectious waste 2. Yes, it is hazardous 3. May be treated to render safe prior to disposal or alternatively it can be incinerated
44
There are different colour codings for waste disposal. The purple circle represents: 1. What type of waste? 2. Is this waste hazardous? 3. How should this waste be disposed of?
1. Cytotoxic/ Cytostatic 2. Yes, it is Hazardous 3. Requires disposal by incineration
45
There are different colour codings for waste disposal. The yellow & black circle represents: 1. What type of waste? 2. Is this waste hazardous? 3. How should this waste be disposed of?
1. Offensive waste 2. No, it is non-hazardous 3. May be recycled, incinerated or deep landfilled
46
There are different colour codings for waste disposal. The red circle represents: 1. What type of waste? 2. Is this waste hazardous? 3. How should this waste be disposed of?
1. Anatomical 2. Yes, it is hazardous 3. Requires disposal by incineration
47
There are different colour codings for waste disposal. The blue circle represents: 1. What type of waste? 2. Is this waste hazardous? 3. How should this waste be disposed of?
1. Medicinal 2. No, it is non-hazardous 3. Waste medicines, out of date medicines, denatured drugs, require disposal by incineration
48
There are different colour codings for waste disposal. The white circle represents: 1. What type of waste? 2. Is this waste hazardous? 3. How should this waste be disposed of?
1. Dental 2. Yes, it is hazardous 3. Dental amalgam & mercury including spent and out of date capsules, excess mixed amalgam & contents of amalgam separators require disposal by recovery or recycling
49
There are different colour codings for waste disposal. The black circle represents: 1. What type of waste? 2. Is this waste hazardous? 3. What should this waste not contain? 4. How should this waste be disposed of?
1. Domestic 2. No, it is non-hazardous 3. This waste should not contain any infectious materials, sharps or medicinal products 4. Requires disposal by landfill
50
What is a commensal?
Commensal - Organism that is part of the normal flora
51
What is an opportunistic pathogen?
Opportunistic pathogen - Probably only cause infection in immunocompromised individuals
52
What is the “Pathogenicity”?
Pathogenicity - ability of a microorganism to produce disease
53
What is the “virulence”?
Virulence - degree of pathogenicity of an organism
54
What are the 3 types of atmosphere for a bacteria?
3 types of atmosphere: - Aerobic (in presence of O2) - Microaerophilic (Reduced O2 conc and enriched CO2) - Anaerobic (No O2 present)
55
What is an exotoxin?
Exotoxin - usually gram +ve bacteria - Produced inside cell and exported from it
56
What is an endotoxin?
Endotoxin - usually gram -ve bacteria - Part of gram -ve bacterial cell wall
57
What are 2 different types of fungi?
Fungi: - Moulds - Produce spores and hyphae - Aspergillus - Yeasts - Single cells that reproduce by budding - Candida
58
With regard to streptococcus: 1. Is it aerobic? 2. What is its structure like?
1. Yes, it is aerobic 2. It consists of cocci chains
59
Is alpha haemolysis partial or complete? Is beta haemolysis partial or complete?
Alpha haemolysis = partial Beta haemolysis = complete
60
What conditions can strep pneumoniae lead to?
Pneumonia or meningitis
61
What condition can strep viridans lead to?
Endocarditis
62
What conditions can Strep A lead to?
Throat, skin infection
63
What conditions can Strep B lead to?
Neonatal meningitis
64
What is the structure of staphylococcus like?
It consists of cocci clusters
65
What processes are involved in the production of a fever?
Fever: - Antigen attacks macrophages - Releases cytokines - Travels to anterior hypothalamus of the brain - Stimulates production of prostaglandin E - Resets body’s thermal set point - Body perceives it is cold, shivers to conserve heat
66
What are 3 gut commensals?
Gut commensals = E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus
67
What are 3 gut pathogens?
Gut pathogens = Salmonella, Shigella, E Coli O157
68
What does “Bactericidal” mean?
Bactericidal = Kill bacteria
69
What does “bacteriostatic” mean?
Bacteriostatic = Inhibit bacterial growth
70
What 2 processes can be used to detect viruses?
PCR & antigen detection
71
Where can enterococcus be found? What condition can it cause?
Enterococcus = Normal gut commensal & cause of UTIs
72
What can staph aureus lead to?
Wound, skin infections. It is also a common cause of bacteraemia (bacteria in the blood).
73
What can campylobacter lead to?
Food poisining
74
What can helicobacter pylori lead to?
Gastritis

Foundations (Year 1) (12 decks)

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