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Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 processes involved in the innate immune response?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Complement activation
  • Phagocytosis
  • Destruction of pathogen
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2
Q
  1. What is the typical time after infection, in which the innate immune response kicks in?
  2. How long does the innate immune response last for?
A
  1. It kicks in within minutes (0-4 hrs)
  2. It can last for days
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3
Q

How long does the adaptive immune response take to kick in?

A

Hours/ Days (4 - 96 hrs)

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4
Q

How long does the adaptive immune response last for?

A

Days to Weeks

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5
Q

How long does it take for immunological memory to build up?

A

Days to weeks

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6
Q

How long can immunological memory last for?

A

It can be lifelong

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7
Q

What are the 7 immune response steps?

A
  1. PAMPs-PRR by macrophages
  2. Acute inflammation vascular re changes
  3. Recruitment of neutrophils
  4. Acute phase protein release
  5. Dendritic cells
  6. B cell activation
  7. Appropriate adaptive immune response
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8
Q

What is involved in step 1 of the immune response?

Hint: Step 1 = PAMPs-PRR by macrophages

A

PAMPs-PRR by macrophages:
a. Phagocytosis, debris release
b. Pro inflammatory mediator release e.g TNFa
c. MHC II antigen presentation

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9
Q

What is involved in step 2 of the immune response?

Hint: Step 2 = Acute inflammation vasculature changes

A

Acute inflammation vasculature changes:
a. ^ vascular permeability => swelling
b. Vasodilation => redness & heat
c. ^ adhesion molecules

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10
Q

What is involved in step 3 of the immune response?

Hint: Step 3 = Recruitment of neutrophils

A

Recruitment of neutrophils:
a. Phagocytosis, degranulation, ROS synthesis
b. Pro inflammatory mediator release e.g TNFa

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11
Q

What is involved in step 4 of the immune response?

Hint: Step 4 = Acute phase protein release

A

Acute phase protein release:
a. CRP
b. Complement proteins (C3 & MBL)

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12
Q

What is involved in step 5 of the immune response?

Hint: Step 5 = Dendritic cells

A

Dendritic cells:
a. Take up the neutrophil and macrophage debris
b. Travel to secondary lymphoid organs
c. Present antigens on their MHC I & II molecules to activate T cells
- MHC II - Activates CD4+ T cells
- MHC I - Activates CD8+ T cells

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13
Q

What is involved in step 6 of the immune response?

Hint: Step 6 = B cell activation

A

B cell activation:
a. Antigen presentation in the secondary lymphoid tissue & costimulation by TFH

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14
Q

What 2 types of cells can haematopoietic stem cells initially differentiate into?

A

Haematopoietic stem cells can form:

=> Myeloid progenitor cells
Or
=> Lymphoid progenitor cells

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15
Q

What 3 types of cells can lymphoid progenitor cells then form?

A

Lymphoid progenitor cells can form:

=> Natural Killer Cells
Or
=> T Cell Progenitors
Or
=> B Cell Progenitors

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16
Q

What 3 types of cells can myeloid progenitor cells form?

A

Myeloid progenitor cells can form:

=> Granulocyte precursors
Or
=> Unknown precursors
Or
=> Erythrocytes & Thrombocytes Precursors

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17
Q

What 3 types of cells can granulocyte precursors form?

A

Granulocyte precursor cells can form:

=> Neutrophils
Or
=> Eosinophils
Or
=> Basophils

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18
Q

What 2 types of cells can the “unknown precursor” form?

A

The unknown precursor can form:

=> Mast cells
Or
=> Monocytes

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19
Q

What 2 types of cells can monocytes differentiate into?

A

Monocytes can form:

=> Macrophages
Or
=> Dendritic cells

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20
Q

What are the 3 main phagocytes?

A

Phagocytes: Neutrophils, Macrophages & dendritic cells

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21
Q

What immune cells/systems work together to attack bacteria?

A

Bacteria = B cells, Phagocytes, Complement system

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22
Q

What immune cells work together to attack viruses?

A

Viruses = T cells, B cells, NK cells, Mast cells

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23
Q

What immune cells work together to attack fungi?

A

Fungi = T cells, Phagocytes, Eosinophils

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24
Q

What immune cells work together to attack Protozoa?

A

Protozoa = T cells, eosinophils

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25
What immune cells work together to attack worms/parasites?
Worms/ Parasites = Eosinophils, Mast cells
26
What is the order of decreasing importance of the various different types of pathogens e.g bacteria etc ?
Bacteria > Viruses > Fungi > Protozoa > Worms/ Parasites In order of decreasing importance
27
What are the cellular components of the innate immune system?
- Neutrophils - Eosinophils - Basophils - Mast Cells - Dendritic Cells - Macrophages - Natural Killer Cells
28
What are the main functions of neutrophils?
Neutrophils: - Phagocytosis - Pro-inflammatory - Bacterial killing mechanisms
29
What are the main functions of dendritic cells?
Dendritic cells: - Antigen uptake in peripheral sites - Antigen presentation - Naive T cell activation
30
What are the main functions of NK cells?
Natural Killer Cells: - Killing of virally infected cells - Killing of tumour cells
31
What are the main functions of macrophages?
Macrophages: - Phagocytosis - Pro- / Anti-inflammatory - Bacterial killing mechanisms - Antigen presentation - Wound healing/ Tissue repair
32
What are the main functions of mast cells/eosinophils/basophils?
Mast cells/ eosinophils / basophils: - Pro-inflammatory - Parasitic killing mechanisms - Linked to allergy and asthma
33
What are the cellular components of the acquired immune system?
T cells & B Cells
34
What are the 2 types of T cells?
T cells: - CD4+ T cells (T helper or T_H cells) - Enhance innate and acquired immune responses - CD8+ T cells (Cytotoxic T cells or T_c cells) - Kill virally infected cells and tumour cells
35
Regarding T cells: A. Where are they produced? B. Where do they mature? C. Where are they activated? D. What are their receptors? E. What are their target antigens? F. What is their function G Are there any subtypes?
A. Bone marrow B. Thymus C. Secondary lymphoid tissue D. T cell Receptor protein complex E. Protein F. Cytotoxic killing, immune regulation & activation G. Tregs, Effector T Helper cells (CD4+), CTLs (CD8+), Memory cells
36
For B cells: A. Where are they produced? B. Where do they mature? C. Where are they activated? D. What are their receptors? E. What are their target antigens?
A. Bone marrow B. Bone marrow C. Secondary lymphoid tissue D. Antibodies E. A range of types
37
There are a variety of B cell antibody types, all with different functions. Below is a list of different functions of various antibody classes. Can you identify what class carries out each function (there might be more than one antibody class in some cases): 1. Neutralisation 2. Agglutination 3. Opsonisation 4. Complement activation 5. NK cell activation 6. Placental transfer 7. Mast cell activation/ Allergic reaction 8. B cell activation
1. IgG & IgA 2. IgM & IgG 3. IgG 4. IgM & IgG 5. IgG 6. IgG 7. IgE 8. IgM & IgD
38
What is the first Ig Produced?
IgM - First Ig produced, pentameric form
39
What is the most abundant Ig?
IgG - most abundant
40
What is the function of CD4+ Helper T cells?
CD4+ Helper T cells: help coordinate immune response, activating other immune cells like B cells & macrophages & aid creation of T & B memory cells.
41
What are some different subtypes of Helper T cells?
TH1, TH2, TFH etc
42
What is the function of CD8+ Killer T cells?
CD8+ Killer T cells: Kill infected cells via perforin/ granzymes /granulysin
43
What is the function of Tregs?
Tregs - regulate and suppress other lymphocyte cells, help prevent autoimmune
44
What is the function of memory T cells?
Memory T Cells - Involved in adaptive immune response & immunological memory
45
What is the function of TH1 cells?
TH1 (Effector Cell): - Help macrophages become super killers - Secrete pro inflammatory cytokines for costimulation (IFN_gamma) - Super activate the macrophage - stimulating ROS production
46
What is the function of TH2 cells?
TH2 cells: - Secrete IL4, IL5 and IL6 - Promote B cells and EOS proliferation, induce IgM -> IgE antibody conversion & stimulate inflammatory process => allergy
47
What is the function of TFH?
TFH (T follicular helper): - Secrete IL4 & IL21 - Co stimulate peptide antigen presenting B cells, causing proliferation & differentiation - Produce more & longer lived plasma & memory B cells with higher affinity antibodies
48
What is the function of CTLs?
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) - Recognise pathogenic antigens attached to MHC I on virally infected cells (& loss of such in cancer cells) & trigger apoptosis/ cell death by perforin/ granzymes / granulysin Note - Fas ligand mediated killing also exists
49
Where are acute phase proteins produced?
Acute phase proteins are produced by liver hepatocytes
50
What are some examples of acute phase proteins?
Examples: - C3 & MBL (complement system) - C reactive protein (CRP)
51
What is the function of CRP?
C reactive protein (CRP) - Mediates range of processes e.g Complement system, Phagocytosis, Apoptosis, NO release, cytokine production - Acts as marker for inflammation
52
What are the 3 activation pathways for the complement system?
3 activation pathways: - Classical (IgM, IgG, CRP) - Alternative (C3b amplification) - Mannose-binding lectin pathway (MBL acute phase protein)
53
What is the function of C3a/ C5a?
C3a/ C5a = Acute inflammation & mast cell activation
54
What is the function of C3b?
C3b = Alternative pathway/ C5 conversion/ opsonisation
55
What is the function of C5b?
C5b = Makes up part of MAC which creates pore on pathogen, letting water and salt in and killing it
56
What is Type I hypersensitivity?
Type I hypersensitivity: - IgE mediated hypersensitivity - Allergy atopy/ allergic response - Systemic anaphylaxis or localised anaphylaxis -> allergy, hay fever, eczema, asthma, hives
57
What is Type II hypersensitivity?
Type II hypersensitivity: - IgM or IgG mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity - Cytotoxic killing in response to harmless/ self antigen - Blood transfusion reactions, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Graves’ disease
58
What is Type III hypersensitivity?
Type III hypersensitivity: - Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity - Immune complex deposited in various tissues leading to complement system activation & neutrophil migration - Serum sickness, necrotising vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis
59
What is Type IV hypersensitivity?
Type IV hypersensitivity: - Delayed type, cell mediated hypersensitivity - CD4+ TH1 activation leading to release of cytokines, macrophage activation and potentially CTLs involved -> direct cell damage - Contact dermatitis, tuberculosis (tubercular lesions), graft rejection
60
What is variolation?
Variolation - Exposure of an individual to the contents of dried smallpox pustules from an infected patient
61
What factors can lead to emergence of new infectious diseases?
Emergence of new infectious disease: - Global village - Increased mobility means local infection can rapidly become global infection - Population growth - proximity, sanitation, loss of natural habitat - Changes in human behaviour - Changes in dynamics of other infections - increasing prevelance of HIV has led to TB coming back - Loss of natural habitat - Emergence of existing viruses from rainforests - Interactions of pathogens with humans - Development of resistance
62
When mast cells degranulate, what substances do they release? What genes do mast cells express?
They degranulate and release histamine and tryptase Gene expression - TNF, chemokines, leukotrienes
63
What are the 3 mechanisms by which neutrophils attack pathogens?
3 mechanisms they attack pathogens: - Phagocytosis - Release of antimicrobial peptides and degradative proteases - Generate extracellular traps
64
What is the primary lymphoid tissue?
Primary lymphoid tissue = site of leukocyte development
65
What is the secondary lymphoid tissue?
Secondary lymphoid tissue = site where adaptive immune responses initiated
66
What are cytokines? Give some examples
Cytokines are produced in response to infection, inflammation, tissue damage. They coordinate the immune system by modulating cell behaviour. Examples: - Interferons (Anti-viral functions) - TNF - Tumour Necrosis Factor (Pro inflammatory) - Chemokines (control and direct cell migration) - Interleukins (various functions)
67
What is the function of IL2?
IL2 (T cell proliferation)
68
What is the function of IL10?
IL10 (Anti-inflammatory)
69
What are some local effects (signs) of acute inflammation?
Local effects: - Redness, heat - Swelling - Pain - Loss of function
70
Where can MHC I be found?
MHC I is expressed on all nucleated cells. They present peptide antigens to cytotoxic T cells.
71
Where can MHC II be found?
MHC II = expressed only on dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells. They present peptide antigens to helper T cells.
72
Where is the monomeric form of IgA found? Where is the dimeric form of IgA found?
Monomeric form in blood Dimeric form in breast milk, saliva, tears, mucosal secretions
73
What happens to B cells in the germinal centre reaction?
Germinal centre reaction: - B cell proliferation - Antibody heavy chain switching - Generation of high affinity antibodies - Differentiation into plasma cells & memory B cells
74
What are the 3 examples of secondary lymphoid tissues?
Spleen, Lymph nodes & mucosal associated lymphoid tissues
75
What are the main general functions of the complement system?
- Membrane attack complex - Opsonisation - Chemotaxis - Clearance of immune complexes - Inflammation

Foundations (Year 1) (12 decks)

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