Microbiology Flashcards
What is the function of vacuoles?
stores waste and water
What is an endospore?
dorminant tough structure produced by Bacilius and Closridium species
What is catabolism
The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, t
What is anabolism
the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy
What is the fubction of smooth ER
synthesiszes lipids
What is the fubction of rough ER
protein synthesis
what is the mitcohondria?
cite of ATP synthesis in eukaryotes
What is unique about mitochondria
Mitochondria has its own ribsomes and circular DNA
What is function of Chloroplast
Photosynthesis occurs here
What is the function of the nucleus
stores the cell’s hereditary material, or DNA, and it coordinates the cell’s activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division).
What is oxiation?
loss of an electron
What is reuction
gain of electrons
redox reaction
an oxidation reaction paired with reduction reaction
What does fermention use as final electron acceptor
organic molecules(pyruvate
What is diffrential media
A differential media contains specific ingredients or chemicals that allow the observer to visually distinguish which species possess and which species lack a specific biochemical process.
What is selective media
A selective medium is a medium that allows the selection of one or more types of microorganisms. These microorganisms will be the only ones able to grow on or in the medium while all the others will be inhibited.
Which of the following are required for the generation of ATP by chemiosmosis?
Passage of electrons through electron carrier chains
Formation of a proton motive force
Active transport of protons across a phospholipid membrane
use of proton flow by ATP synthase
In an enzymatic reaction involving oxidation of a substrate, which of the following would be required?
NAD+
Enzymes are important in living organisms because they
bring together reactants or properly orient a molecule for a reaction
The term describing bacteria with flagella that are arranged as a tuft coming from one pole is
lophotrichous
Which of the following statements about a gram-negative cell wall are correct?
Functions as endotoxin, thin layer of peptidoglycan, maintains shape of cell
funtion of fibrilae
Fimbriae help cells adhere to surfaces and are involved in the formation of biofilms.
function of Pilli
commonly involved in DNA transfer and twitching or gliding motility.
what is a thermophile
bacteria are those that thrive within high temperatures, usually between 45 and 80 C (113 and 176F) and are found in environments such as hot springs,
What is a facultative anaerobe?
an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.
what is an obligate aerobe
An obligate aerobe is an organism that requires oxygen to grow.
what are obligate anarobes?
microorganisms killed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen
what is enriched media
Contains nutrients required to support the growth of a wide variety of organisms.
What is a pstchrophile?
organisms that grow in 0-15 degrees Celcius
what is a halophile
an extremophile that thrives in high salt concentrations.
what is a hyperthermophile??
found in 70-110 degrees Celcius
What do haliophils require
high osmotic pressure
microacerophile
require an oxygen concentration lower than air
What is gram negative bacteria?
Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan cell wall, which itself is surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide
competitive inhibition
molecules other than the substrate binding to the active site of an enzyme,
non completive inhibitor
molecules bind to any site other than the active site.
axial filagements
found only in one type of bacteria called the spirochetes;
flagella
Flagella are long, thread-like structures that can only be found at one end of a cell.
cilia
Cilia are only found in eukaryotic cells.Cilia are short, hair-like structures that cover the surface of some cells in large numbers.
What are the end products of glycolysis
two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules,2 NADPH and 2 ATP
What are the end products of citric acid acid
carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP
What does cirtic acid cycle start with ?
acetyl co A
what is sporulation?
Endospores are produced by a process of cell differentiation called sporulation
what is germination?
endospores become vegetative
substrate level phosphorylation
is when a phosphoryl group is transferred from a substrate to ADP or GDP to form ATP or GTP, coupled with the release of free energy. This type of phosphorylation occurs in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
what is photophosphorylation
the process of utilizing light energy from photosynthesis to convert ADP to ATP. It is the process of synthesizing energy-rich ATP molecules by transferring the phosphate group into ADP molecule in the presence of light
Oxidative phosphorylation
electron transport chain
what are the products for cellular respiration?
Products for cellular respiration are H2O, ATP, and CO2.
anaerobic respiration occurs where?
cytoplasm
What is catalase?
Used to break down hydrogen peroxide in to water and oxygen
peroxidase?
breaks down hydrogen peroxide produces water only
methods of direct cell count
microscope or plate count, serial dillution, MPN
indirect
turbidity, dry weight
