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Biochem > Biochem Final > Flashcards

Biochem Final Flashcards

1
Q

ghrelin

A
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2
Q

The “Lipid Toxicity” Hypothesis

A

Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes may be due to abnormal lipid storage in muscle and liver when adipocytes cannot store additional TAGs

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3
Q

leptin

A

causes the release of anorexigenic peptides, including α-MSH, to inhibit eating

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4
Q

COX-1

A

catalyzes synthesis of prostaglandins that regulate gastric mucin secretion

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5
Q

COX-2

A

catalyzes synthesis of prostaglandins that mediate pain, inflammation, and fever

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6
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

the obstruction of blood vessels from the pathological accumulation of cholesterol (plaques)

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7
Q

Foam cells

A

form from macrophages

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8
Q

Aspirin

A

irreversibly inactivates the cyclooxygenase activity of both COX isozymes

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9
Q

What catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandins?

A

Cyclooxygenase (COX)
prostaglandin synthetase

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10
Q

Carnitine shuttle

A

transports long-chain fatty acids (containing 14+ carbons) through the mitochondrial membrane

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11
Q

phosphodiester linkage

A

covalent bond that joins successive nucleotides of both DNA and RNA

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12
Q

2′-deoxy-d-ribose =

A

in DNA

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13
Q

D-ribose

A

= in RNA

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14
Q

nucleoside

A

pentose and nitrogen base

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15
Q

nucleotide

A

pentose, nitrogen base, phosphate

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16
Q

How many bonds between G and C

A

three more stable

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17
Q

How many bonds between A and T

A

2 minor groove less stable

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18
Q

What type of bond is found between 2 DNA strands?

A

hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

Is the DNA backbone stable ?

A

yes

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20
Q

Is the RNA backbone stable?

A

no

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21
Q

PPAR gamma

A

regulates the differentiation of fibroblasts into adipocytes and lipid synthesis and storage in adipocytes

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22
Q

PPAR alpha

A

regulates the uptake and β oxidation of fatty acids and the formation of ketone bodies during fasting
heart, skeletal muscle, and brown adipose tissue

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23
Q

PPAR delta

A

regulates β oxidation and energy dissipation through uncoupling of mitochondria
Acts in the liver and muscle

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24
Q

Stage 1 of fatty acid oxidation is ?

A

Beta oxidation

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25
Q

What does beta oxidation mean?

A

Fatty acids undergo oxidative removal of successive two-carbon units in the form of acetyl-CoA

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26
Q

Stage 2: Fatty acid ocidation

A

Oxidation of acetyl-CoA groups to CO2 in the citric acid cycle

27
Q

Where does stage 2 of fatty acid oxidation occur and what does it generate?

A

Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
Generates NADH, FADH2, and one GTP

28
Q

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

A

flavoprotein with tightly bound FAD that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of fatty acyl-CoA to yield a trans-∆2-enoyl-CoA

29
Q

Stage 3: Electron transfer chain and oxidative phosphorylation

A

Generates ATP from NADH and FADH2

30
Q

Acyl-CoA acetyl-transferase (thiolase

A

catalyzes the reaction of β-ketoacyl-CoA with free coenzyme A to yield acetyl CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbons

31
Q

one pass of beta oxidation removes what

A

One molecule of acetyl-CoA
Two pairs of electrons
Four protons (H+)

32
Q

first step of beta oxidation involves what ?

A

hydration step water is used to produce H+

33
Q

metabolic water

A

Each pair of electrons transferred from NADH or FADH2 to O2 yields one H2O (“metabolic water”)

34
Q

what does monosaturated fat require?

A

enol COA isomerase

35
Q

Propionyl-CoA carboxylase

A

catalyzes the carboxylation of propionyl-CoA to form D-methylmalonyl-CoA
requires biotin

36
Q

Methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase

A

catalyzes the epimerization of D-methylmalonyl-CoA to its L stereoisomer

37
Q

Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

A

catalyzes the intramolecular rearrangement of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to form succinyl-CoA (which can enter the citric acid cycle)

38
Q

Which coenzyme is required for Methyl malonyl COA mutase

A

Vitamin B12

39
Q

What does biosynthesis require

A

malonyl coA

40
Q

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

A

catalyzes the irreversible formation of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA in the cytoplasm. Biotin prosthetic group

41
Q

fatty acid synthesis step 1

A

An activated acyl group and two carbons from malonyl-CoA undergo condensation to form a β-keto product

42
Q

step 2 of fatty acid synthesis is ?

A

The β-keto product is reduced to an alcohol
Requires NADPH

43
Q

step 3 of fatty acid synthesis is ?

A

H2O is eliminated to form a double bond

44
Q

step 4 of fatty acid synthesis is?

A

The double bond is reduced to form the corresponding saturated fatty acyl group
requires NADPH

45
Q

step 5 of fatty acid synthesis?

A

The butyryl group is transferred from the phosphopantetheine —SH group of ACP to the Cys —SH group of β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase

46
Q

step 6 fatty acid synthesis

A

ACP is recharged by the linkage of another malonyl group to the unoccupied phosphopantetheine —SH group

47
Q

what occurs in the mitochondria

A

fatty acid elongation

48
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

phospholipid sterol synthesis fatty acid desaturation/elongation

49
Q

cytosol animal

A

NADPH, pentose phosphate, fatty acid

50
Q

Fatty acyl-CoA desaturase

A

catalyzes an oxidative reaction that introduces a double bond into a fatty acid chain

51
Q

Acyl transferase

A

catalyzes the acylation of the two free hydroxyl groups of L-glycerol 3-phosphate by two molecules of fatty acyl–CoA to yield diacylglycerol 3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid)

52
Q

Phosphatidic acid phosphatase

A

hydrolyzes phosphatidic acid to form a 1,2-diacylglycerol

53
Q

What facilitates the lands cycle

A

LPCAT

54
Q

phospholipids are remodeled through what

A

LANDS Cycle

55
Q

What is intermediate of cholesterol?

A

isoprene

56
Q

HMG-CoA synthase

A

catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA)

57
Q

Acetyl-CoA acetyl transferase

A

catalyzes the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules

58
Q

Squalene monooxygenase

A

adds one oxygen atom from O2 to the end of the squalene chain to form Squalene 2,3-epoxide
Mixed-function oxidase
Requires NADPH

59
Q

Cyclization of squalene 2,3-epoxide forms

A

lanosterol

60
Q

SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) and Insig (insulin-induced gene protein)

A

membrane proteins that act as sterol sensors

61
Q

Leptin

A

an adipokine produced by adipose tissue that regulates feeding behavior and energy expenditure to maintain adequate reserves of fat

62
Q

Adiponectin

A

is a well-known homeostatic factor for regulating glucose levels, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity through its anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and antioxidant effects.

63
Q

The first effect of adipoectin is ?

A

Adiponectin triggers phosphorylation and activation of AMPK

64
Q

What is AMP responsible for ?

A

AMPK is allosterically activated by AMP

Biochem (9 decks)

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