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Cell Biology- Samiyah > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Cyanobacteria do for the earth

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2
Q

What is the three-domain tree

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3
Q

What is the two-domain tree

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4
Q

What did Louis Pasteur do

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5
Q

How did Louis Pasteur defeat the idea of spontaneous generation

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6
Q

What did Robert Koch do

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7
Q

Why has there been a reduction in infectious disease

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8
Q

Why is the threat of infectious diseases still around

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9
Q

What is the WHO list of 12 resistant bacteria and their type of antibiotic resistance

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’

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria colonies

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11
Q

How are organisms classed

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12
Q

How is genus and species written

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13
Q

What are the characteristics associated with these bacterial shapes

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14
Q

What are some examples of spherical bacteria

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15
Q

What are some examples of rod-shaped bacteria

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16
Q

What are some examples of spiral shaped bacteria

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of streptococcus pyogenes

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of staphylococcus aureus

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of bacillus subtilis and bacillus anthracis

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of neisseria gonorrhoeae

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of escherichia coli

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22
Q

What are the 2 pathways to synthesise macromolecules in bacteria

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23
Q

What are the elemental components of bacteria cells

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24
Q

What are the 2 sources of energy used by different types of bacteria

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25
Q

What are the 2 sources of carbon used by different types of bacteria

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26
Q

What are the two types of chemotrophs

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Chemolithotrophs and chemoheterotrophs

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27
Q

What are the two types of chemolithotrophs and what are their sources of carbon

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Chemolithoheterotrophs use organic carbon sources as their carbon source. These organisms derive their energy from the oxidation of inorganic molecules (hence “chemolitho”) but rely on organic compounds, rather than carbon dioxide,

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28
Q

what are chemoheterotrophs source of carbon

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29
Q

What are some examples of chemolithotrophs

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30
Q

What are the mechanisms of these bacteria cell types

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31
Q

What are the catalytic and genetic functions in a bacterial cell during growth

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32
Q

What is the process of bacterial growth/cell division

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33
Q

What is the generation time

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34
Q

What is the role of the protein FtsZ

A

Determine cell size
Involved in septum formation at the midcell, initiating cell division

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35
Q

What happens if there is lots of nutrients available in a bacteria cell before cell division

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36
Q

What happens if there is little nutrients available in a bacteria cell before cell division

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37
Q

How is FtsZ only localised in the mid cell

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38
Q

How does bacteria grow

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39
Q

How do you calculate the number of cells growing exponentially in a bacteria culture

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40
Q

How do you calculate generation time

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41
Q

How do you calculate specific growth rate

A

v =division rate

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42
Q

How do you calculate the division rate of bacteria

A

g= generation time

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43
Q

What are the phases of bacterial growth

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44
Q

What is turbidity (optical density)

A

is a measure of how much a liquid sample scatters light. It’s an indirect way to estimate the concentration of suspended particles or microorganisms, such as bacteria, in a liquid medium.

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45
Q

What are the cons of measuring optical density to determine growth of a bacterial culture

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46
Q

What is the main con of using log viable organisms to measure growth of a bacterial culture

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You have to wait for the bacteria to grow before

47
Q

What is the advantage of using optical density to measure the growth of bacteria in a culture

A

You can get an immediate reading

48
Q

What occurs in the lag phase of bacterial growth in a batch culture

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49
Q

What happens in the exponential phase of bacterial growth in a batch culture

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50
Q

What happens in the stationary phase of bacterial growth in a batch culture

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51
Q

What is sporulation

A

spores are a type of cell that bacteria produce during sporulation which can resist high temp

form spores as a means of survival under unfavorable environmental conditions. Spores are highly resistant, dormant structures that can withstand extreme conditions such as heat, desiccation, radiation, and nutrient depletion

52
Q

What are the two ways samples of bacteria cultures areproduced

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53
Q

What is the effect of increasing temp on bacterial growth

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54
Q

What is the effect of decreasing temp on bacterial growth

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55
Q

What happens to bacterial growth at the minimum, maximum and optimum temperatures

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56
Q

What is the process of cell staining

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57
Q

What is the basic structure of the cell envelope of gram negative bacteria

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58
Q

What is the basic structure of the cell envelope of gram positive bacteria

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59
Q

What is the process of gram - staining procedure

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60
Q

What is the difference between gram- positive and gram- negative bacteria

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61
Q

Label the parts of this diagram of gram positive bacteria

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62
Q

Label the parts of this diagram of gram negative bacteria

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63
Q

What phospholipids are found in the cell envelope of gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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64
Q

What types of proteins are round in gram-positive and gram-negative bacterias cell envelope

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65
Q

What is the peptidoglycan layer and what are its components

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66
Q

What is the basic structure of peptidoglycan

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67
Q

What is the general information for peptidoglycan structure in bacteria

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68
Q

What is the difference between the structures of archea and bacteria’s pseudopeptidoglycan and peptidoglycan

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69
Q

What do ß lactam antibiotics do

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70
Q

What do glycopeptidases do

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71
Q

What are teichoic acids in gram positive bacteria

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72
Q

What is the role of teichoic acids in gram positive bacteria

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73
Q

Draw the structure of a cell envelope of a gram negative bacterium and label it

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74
Q

What is the permeability of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

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75
Q

How do porins affect the permeability of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

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76
Q

What is the structure of the LPS (lipopolysaccharide) of gram negative bacteria and lipid A

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77
Q

What is meant by polar or ( monotrichous or amphitrichous)

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78
Q

What is meant by lophotrichous flagella

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79
Q

What is peritrichous bacteria

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80
Q

What is borrelia burgdorferi

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81
Q

Label this diagram of the organisation of gram negative bacterium flagellum

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82
Q

What type of secretion system is the flagella

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83
Q

How is the L, P and M ring transported

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84
Q

How is the flagellum assembled in a gram negativebacterium

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85
Q

How are the proteins which make up the rod, hook and filament as well as the MS ring transported

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86
Q

What is one possible model for the rotation of the motor of the flagella in bacteria

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87
Q

What is the basal body of the flagella made up of

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88
Q

What are the a components of the motor

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89
Q

How is the rotor powered

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90
Q

What are the characteristics of the flagella

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91
Q

How is swimming motility of a bacterium measured

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92
Q

What are the 2 types of movement for bacteria with peritrichous flagella and how do they occur

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93
Q

What are the 2 types of movement for bacteria with polar flagella and how do they occur

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94
Q

What kind of movement do peritrichous bacteria exhibit when there is no attractant

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95
Q

What kind of movement do peritrichous bacteria exhibit when there is an attractant

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96
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

Movement of a motile cell in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance

97
Q

How can chemotaxis be investigated

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98
Q

How do bacteria mediate chemotaxis when there is no attractant

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99
Q

How do bacteria mediate chemotaxis when there is an attractant

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100
Q

How do bacteria detect an attractant or repellant

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101
Q

What are MCPs and how do they work

A

methyl accepting chemotaxis proteins =mcp

102
Q

What happens after an MCP interacts with CheW and CheA

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103
Q

What happens when molecules bind to an MCP

(Sensory adaptation and phosphorylation explained in more detail)

A
104
Q

What are pili

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105
Q

What are type IV pili and what do they do

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106
Q

How is type iv pili assembled

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107
Q

Have does twitching motility occur

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108
Q

How is the swarming motion of bacteria investigated

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109
Q

How is swimming and swarming motility investigated

A

Use of wild type and mutant
Either pili or flagella mutated or both
Can see whether swimming or swarming inhibited

110
Q

Summarise the characteristics of the 3 types of bacterial motility

A
111
Q

What are fimbriae

A

Cell Biology- Samiyah (17 decks)

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