Microbiology Flashcards
What did Cyanobacteria do for the earth
What is the three-domain tree
What is the two-domain tree
What did Louis Pasteur do
How did Louis Pasteur defeat the idea of spontaneous generation
What did Robert Koch do
Why has there been a reduction in infectious disease
Why is the threat of infectious diseases still around
What is the WHO list of 12 resistant bacteria and their type of antibiotic resistance
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What are the characteristics of bacteria colonies
How are organisms classed
How is genus and species written
What are the characteristics associated with these bacterial shapes
What are some examples of spherical bacteria
What are some examples of rod-shaped bacteria
What are some examples of spiral shaped bacteria
What are the characteristics of streptococcus pyogenes
What are the characteristics of staphylococcus aureus
What are the characteristics of bacillus subtilis and bacillus anthracis
What are the characteristics of neisseria gonorrhoeae
What are the characteristics of escherichia coli
What are the 2 pathways to synthesise macromolecules in bacteria
What are the elemental components of bacteria cells
What are the 2 sources of energy used by different types of bacteria
What are the 2 sources of carbon used by different types of bacteria
What are the two types of chemotrophs
Chemolithotrophs and chemoheterotrophs
What are the two types of chemolithotrophs and what are their sources of carbon
Chemolithoheterotrophs use organic carbon sources as their carbon source. These organisms derive their energy from the oxidation of inorganic molecules (hence “chemolitho”) but rely on organic compounds, rather than carbon dioxide,
what are chemoheterotrophs source of carbon
What are some examples of chemolithotrophs
What are the mechanisms of these bacteria cell types
What are the catalytic and genetic functions in a bacterial cell during growth
What is the process of bacterial growth/cell division
What is the generation time
What is the role of the protein FtsZ
Determine cell size
Involved in septum formation at the midcell, initiating cell division
What happens if there is lots of nutrients available in a bacteria cell before cell division
What happens if there is little nutrients available in a bacteria cell before cell division
How is FtsZ only localised in the mid cell
How does bacteria grow
How do you calculate the number of cells growing exponentially in a bacteria culture
How do you calculate generation time
How do you calculate specific growth rate
v =division rate
How do you calculate the division rate of bacteria
g= generation time
What are the phases of bacterial growth
What is turbidity (optical density)
is a measure of how much a liquid sample scatters light. It’s an indirect way to estimate the concentration of suspended particles or microorganisms, such as bacteria, in a liquid medium.
What are the cons of measuring optical density to determine growth of a bacterial culture
What is the main con of using log viable organisms to measure growth of a bacterial culture
You have to wait for the bacteria to grow before
What is the advantage of using optical density to measure the growth of bacteria in a culture
You can get an immediate reading
What occurs in the lag phase of bacterial growth in a batch culture
What happens in the exponential phase of bacterial growth in a batch culture
What happens in the stationary phase of bacterial growth in a batch culture
What is sporulation
spores are a type of cell that bacteria produce during sporulation which can resist high temp
form spores as a means of survival under unfavorable environmental conditions. Spores are highly resistant, dormant structures that can withstand extreme conditions such as heat, desiccation, radiation, and nutrient depletion
What are the two ways samples of bacteria cultures areproduced
What is the effect of increasing temp on bacterial growth
What is the effect of decreasing temp on bacterial growth
What happens to bacterial growth at the minimum, maximum and optimum temperatures
What is the process of cell staining
What is the basic structure of the cell envelope of gram negative bacteria
What is the basic structure of the cell envelope of gram positive bacteria
What is the process of gram - staining procedure
What is the difference between gram- positive and gram- negative bacteria
Label the parts of this diagram of gram positive bacteria
Label the parts of this diagram of gram negative bacteria
What phospholipids are found in the cell envelope of gram positive and gram negative bacteria
What types of proteins are round in gram-positive and gram-negative bacterias cell envelope
What is the peptidoglycan layer and what are its components
What is the basic structure of peptidoglycan
What is the general information for peptidoglycan structure in bacteria
What is the difference between the structures of archea and bacteria’s pseudopeptidoglycan and peptidoglycan
What do ß lactam antibiotics do
What do glycopeptidases do
What are teichoic acids in gram positive bacteria
What is the role of teichoic acids in gram positive bacteria
Draw the structure of a cell envelope of a gram negative bacterium and label it
What is the permeability of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
How do porins affect the permeability of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
What is the structure of the LPS (lipopolysaccharide) of gram negative bacteria and lipid A
What is meant by polar or ( monotrichous or amphitrichous)
What is meant by lophotrichous flagella
What is peritrichous bacteria
What is borrelia burgdorferi
Label this diagram of the organisation of gram negative bacterium flagellum
What type of secretion system is the flagella
How is the L, P and M ring transported
How is the flagellum assembled in a gram negativebacterium
How are the proteins which make up the rod, hook and filament as well as the MS ring transported
What is one possible model for the rotation of the motor of the flagella in bacteria
What is the basal body of the flagella made up of
What are the a components of the motor
How is the rotor powered
What are the characteristics of the flagella
How is swimming motility of a bacterium measured
What are the 2 types of movement for bacteria with peritrichous flagella and how do they occur
What are the 2 types of movement for bacteria with polar flagella and how do they occur
What kind of movement do peritrichous bacteria exhibit when there is no attractant
What kind of movement do peritrichous bacteria exhibit when there is an attractant
What is chemotaxis
Movement of a motile cell in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance
How can chemotaxis be investigated
How do bacteria mediate chemotaxis when there is no attractant
How do bacteria mediate chemotaxis when there is an attractant
How do bacteria detect an attractant or repellant
What are MCPs and how do they work
methyl accepting chemotaxis proteins =mcp
What happens after an MCP interacts with CheW and CheA
What happens when molecules bind to an MCP
(Sensory adaptation and phosphorylation explained in more detail)
What are pili
What are type IV pili and what do they do
How is type iv pili assembled
Have does twitching motility occur
How is the swarming motion of bacteria investigated
How is swimming and swarming motility investigated
Use of wild type and mutant
Either pili or flagella mutated or both
Can see whether swimming or swarming inhibited
Summarise the characteristics of the 3 types of bacterial motility
What are fimbriae
