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Phase 2a flashcards (Alec's) > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Are gram +ve usually rods or cocci?

A

Cocci

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2
Q

Which bacteria are exceptions to +ve cocci (are positive rods) (2)?

A
  • C. difficile
  • Listeria
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3
Q

Are gram -ve bacteria usually rods or cocci?

A

Rods

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4
Q

What are some exceptions to gram -ve rods (are usually -ve diplococci) (2)?

A
  • Neisseria (meningitidis/ gonorrhoea)
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5
Q

How is staph aureus differentiated from other staphylococcus?

A

It is coagulase positive

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6
Q

What are 4 aids defining illnesses?

A
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
  • CMV colitis
  • Lymphoma
  • Oral candida albicans
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7
Q

What is a defining feature of CMV colitis?

A

Owl eye inclusion bodies

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8
Q

What are the most common bacteria to cause meningitis in those aged over 3 months?

A
  • S. Pneumoniae
  • N. Meningitidis
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9
Q

What bacteria most commonly cause meningitis in those under 3 months?

A
  • Group B beta haemolytic strep
  • E. coli
  • Listeria
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10
Q

Why is group B beta haemolytic strep common in neonates?

A

It colonises the vagina

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11
Q

What is group B beta haemolytic strep?

A

S. agalactiae

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12
Q

As well as neonates who else is often affected by listeria monocytogenes?

A
  • Elderly
  • Pregnant women (or men)
  • HIV infected
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13
Q

What bacteria often causes meningitis in infants but is becoming increasingly rare?

A

H. influenzae (more rare, due to vaccination)

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14
Q

What viruses commonly cause meningitis (3)?

A
  • Enteroviruses (coxackie, echovirus)
  • HSV-2
  • CMV
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15
Q

Is viral or bacterial meningitis more common?

A

Viral

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16
Q

How is suspected meningitis treated in GP?

A

IM benzylpenicilin

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17
Q

How is meningitis treated in hospital?

A
  • IV Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime
  • IV dexomethasone
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18
Q

How is close contacts of those with meningitis treated?

A

Single dose ciprofloxacin

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19
Q

How soon do you have to notify PHE of a meningitis case?

A

IMMEDIATELY

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20
Q

What rash is seen with N. meningitidis?

A

Non-blanching purpuric rash

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21
Q

How is viral meningitis treated?

A

Acyclovir

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22
Q

What is a hospital acquired pneumonia?

A

Pneumonia picked up/ symptoms >48 hours after admission

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23
Q

What bacteria cause CAP?

A
  • S. Pneumoniae = MC
  • H. influenziae
  • Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
  • Legionella Pneumoniae
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24
Q

What bacteria commonly cause HAP?

A
  • P. aeruginosa
  • E. coli
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • MRSA
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25
Q

What bacteria are atypical pneumonia?

A
  • M. pneumoniae
  • Legionella pneumoniae
  • Chlamydia pneumoniae
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26
Q

What virus cause pneumonia?

A
  • Influenza A virus
  • CMV
  • SARS-COV-2
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27
Q

What fungi cause pneumonia?

A

P. jirovecii

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28
Q

How is pneumocystis pneumonia (caused by P. jirovecii) treated?

A

Co-trimoxazole

29
Q

How are CAP treated?

A

CURB-65 =
* 2 or less then amoxicillin
* 3 or more then co-amoxiclav + clarythromycin

30
Q

How are atypical pneumonia treated?

A

Clarythromycin (amoxicillin resistant)

31
Q

Which bacteria commonly cause infection in bronchiectasis and CF?

A
  • S. aureus
  • H. Influenziae
  • P. aeruginosa
32
Q

Why is P. aeruginosa particularly problematic?

A

It is resistant to a lot of antibiotics (treat with ciprofloxacin)

33
Q

What causes TB?

A
  • M. tuberculosis = MC
  • M. bovis
    + 2 others don’t need to know
34
Q

How is TB diagnosed?

A

Ziehl Neelsen stain = acid fast bacteria, stains bright red

35
Q

What organisms commonly cause cellulitis?

A
  • Staph aureus
  • Strep A (s. Pyogenes)
36
Q

How is cellulitis treated?

A

Flucoxacillin

37
Q

How is MRSA treated?

A

Vancomycin

38
Q

What causes whooping cough?

A

Bordelia pertussis

39
Q

What bacteria causes UTIs?

A
  • Klebsiella
  • Enterobacter
  • E. coli = MC (80%)
  • Proteus mirabilis
  • S. saprophyticus
40
Q

How are UTIs treated?

A
  • Trimethoprim
  • Nitrofurantoin
    3 days if simple
41
Q

When can trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin not be used?

A
  • Trimethoprim = not in 1st trimester as anti folate
  • Nitrofurantoin = not in 3rd trimester as increases risk of haemolytic disease of newborn
42
Q

What is sometimes used for UTIs in pregnant women?

A

Amoxicillin

43
Q

How is pyelonephritis treated?

A
  • Co-amoxiclav
  • Cefalexin if preggo
44
Q

How is neisseria gonorrhoea treated?

A
  • IM ceftriaxone
45
Q

How is chlamydia trachomatis treated?

A

Doxycycline
7 days

46
Q

What bacteria cause infective endocarditis?

A
  • Staph aureus (very common in IVDU)
  • Strep viridans (poor dental hygiene)
  • HACEK
  • Enterococci
47
Q

What fungi can cause IE?

A

Candida albicans

48
Q

How is Staph aureus IE treated?

A

Vancomycin + rifampicin

49
Q

How is strep viridans treated?

A

Benzylpenicillin + gentamicin

50
Q

What extra antibiotic is used for s. aureus infection if the patient has a prosthetic heart valve?

A

Gentamicin

51
Q

Which valve is more commonly affected by IE?

A

Overall tricuspid valve (in non IVDU it is mitral valve as bacteria less commonly staph aureus, so has come from lungs)

52
Q

What viruses cause diarrhoea in kids vs adults?

A
  • Kids (under 3) = rotavirus
  • Adults = norovirus
53
Q

What are some bacterial causes of diarrhoea?

A
  • Campylobacter jejuni = mc
  • E. coli
  • C. difficile
  • Salmonella
  • Shigella
  • Cholera
54
Q

What parasite can infect the gut?

A

Giardiasis

55
Q

How is campylobacter jejuni treated?

A

Azithromycin

56
Q

What often causes an infection with C. difficile?

A

Antibiotics

57
Q

How is C. diff treated?

A

Vancomycin

58
Q

How are the other bacteria causing diarrhoea treated (not C.diff or campylobacter jejuni)?

A

Co-amoxiclav

59
Q

What bacteria often cause appendicitis?

A
  • E.coli
  • Klebsiella
  • Enterobacter
  • Enterococci
60
Q

What infection does c. diff sometimes cause in the gut?

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

61
Q

How is H. pylori treated?

A
  • Omeprazole (or other PPI)
  • Clarythromycin
  • Amoxicillin
62
Q

What bacteria most commonly infects bones and joints?

A

Staph aureus

63
Q

What bacteria commonly infects bones in those with sickle cell disease?

A

Salmonella

64
Q

What bacteria commonly infects prosthetic joints?

A

Staph epidermidis

65
Q

What commonly causes reactive arthritis?

A
  • Chlamydia
  • Intestinal (salmonella, shigella, campylobacter)
66
Q

What commonly causes GBS?

A
  • C. jejuni = mc
  • CMV
  • EBV
67
Q

What commonly causes rheumatic fever?

A

Group A strep (strep Pyogenes)

68
Q

Which valve is most commonly affected by RHD?

A

Mitral valve

69
Q

How is sepsis treated?

A
  • Piperacillin
  • Tazobactam

Phase 2a flashcards (Alec's) (13 decks)

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