Microbiology Flashcards
1
Q
What does virus mean in latin?
A
Poison.
2
Q
Are viruses non cellular?
A
Yes
3
Q
What is non-cellular?
A
No cells
4
Q
T/F: viruses have DNA.
A
False, they have RNA
5
Q
What is the goal of the virus?
A
They spread easily to make more viruses.
6
Q
The reproduction rate, what is it?
A
It is how many people one person can spread a virus
7
Q
What is one theory where viruses come from?
A
They could come from cellular ancestors (common ancestors) And they adapted to a parasitic way of life. Natural selection favored a loss of cellular parts.
8
Q
T/F: Viruses have metabolism.
A
False
9
Q
What are the characteristics of life? (8)
A
Homeostatsis, using oxygen, movement, cells, metabolism, respond to environment and stimuli, reproduce, genetic material
10
Q
What is a bacteriophage?
A
They are things that only invades bacteria.
11
Q
What are glycoproteins?
A
They are spikes or tails on the surface of the cells keys that unlock host cells.
12
Q
What is the glycoproteins variant in a bacteriophage?
A
Tail fibers
13
Q
What is capsid?
A
Contains genetic material, in both bacteriophages and animal viruses. They are made from protein.
14
Q
What is capsid made of?
A
Protein
15
Q
The genetic material contained in what?
A
Capsid
16
Q
What is nuclear acid core
A
located in both types of viruses, they are just genetic information.
17
Q
What does endplate/baseplate contain and what does it do
A
It contains enzymes that breaks through cell wall
18
Q
T/F: Bacteria have cell walls
A
True
19
Q
Do animal viruses have baseplates?
A
No
20
Q
T/F: Envelopes are only found in bacteriophage
A
False, they are found in animal virus.
21
Q
What is the function of a envelope?
A
It protects the viruses. Less susceptible to change in environment.
22
Q
What are envelopes made of?
A
Proteins
23
Q
Viruses need a ____ ____ in order to replicate.
A
host, cell
24
Q
The viruses are categorized by …
A
Whats inside of them
25
What is a retrovirus?
They are RNA strands that reverses and replicates into DNA.
26
What is the term that makes a cell tricked into giving a virus a hug?
Endocytosis
27
Name the two ways an animal virus gets out of the cell.
Exocytosis, lyse
28
What is exocytosis?
Exocytosis is how animal viruses are ejected from a host cell
29
What is lyse?
Is when a virus gets duplicated so much that a cell bursts.
30
T/F: All viruses do the lysogenic cycle while some does the lytic cycle
False
31
The viral part of a DNA is called what?
Prophage
32
What could cause a lysogenic cycle into a lytic cycle?
Stress, UV light, not enough nutrients, not taking care of yourself...
33
T/F: Not all viruses would ever break out of a lysogenic cycle.
True, some would stay dormant forever.
34
What is a endemic
It is a virus that is present in the community at all times.
35
What type of disease if it stays in a community at all times?
Endemic
36
What happens when cases of an endemic exceed the expected yearly number.
It turns into an epidemic.
37
What is an epidemic?
It is a sudden outbreaking of a disease in a region, where there are more cases than expected.
38
What do you call a disease that affected the large region of the world in a sudden outbreak?
Pandemic
39
Define pandemic.
It is a sudden outbreak that affects a large portion of the world.
40
T/F: Viruses are acellular.
True
41
What is a virion?
They are single virus particles.
42
What do you call a single virus particle?
Virion.
43
What protects all virions?
Capsid
44
Sometimes there is something that surrounds the capsid, what is it called?
Viral envelope
45
What does the viral envelope surround?
It surrounds the capsid
46
What do all viruses use to attach onto host cells?
Glycoprotein.
47
What is apoptosis?
Cell death.
48
What is the term for cell death?
Apoptosis
49
What is helper T cells
Coordinator
50
What is an Endospore
It is the capsules where bacteria hides, it hides until favors become favorable.
51
T/F: Bacteria are colonial.
False, they are unicellular.
52
What are the two kingdoms of bacteria?
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
53
What are the 2 main characteristics sof bacteria?
Procaryotic and unicellular
54
Where do you find bacteria?
EVERYWHERE!
55
T/F: Archaebacteria is found in extreme environments
True
56
What kingdom of bacteria lives in extreme conditions
Archaebacteria.
57
The cell wall of __________ is composed of pseudo peptidoglycans
Archaebacteria
58
T/F: Archaebacteria is composed of peptidoglycans with muramic acid.
False, cell wall is composed of pseudo peptidoglycans.
59
T/F: Not all bacteria have flagellum.
True
60
What is the cell wall?
It provides rigidity, it maintains and provides support of the cell
61
What is the role of cytoplasm in a bacterial cell?
Gel-like that contains enzymes
62
What does the cell membrane do?
Controls what goes in and out.
63
What is nucleoid?
It is the stuff in the middle of the bacteria that contains the genetic information.
64
What is plasmid?
They are smaller circular DNA that can be replicated independently of a desired DNA fragment.
65
If a nucleoid wants an upgrade, what does it take and then replicates?
Plasmid
66
What do you call the stuff in the middle of a bacter that contains all genetic information?
Nucleoid
67
What are two ways that bacteria move around?
With pilus and flagellum
68
What is the function of pilus?
They serve as mobility, and they transfer DNA in reproduction
69
What does bacteria use to transfer DNA?
Pilus
70
What are the two categories of bacteria based on outer membrane?
Gram + and Gram -
71
What is the color of gram +?
Purple
72
What is color of gram -?
Red
73
T/F: Gram + has a thin peptidoglycan layer with an outer lipid membrane
False, Gram has thick peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) and no outer lipid membrane
74
What do you use to identify gram +?
Crystal violet
75
What do you use to identify gram -?
Safranin
76
Safranin is used to identify which category of bacteria?
Gram -
77
Crystal violet is used to identify which category of bacteria?
Gram +
78
What are the three shapes of bacteria?
Cocci, Rods, Spiral
79
A Staphylococci has what shape?
Cocci
80
What does the diplo- suffix mean?
Two
81
What does the strep- suffix mean?
In a strain
82
What does the staph- suffix mean?
In a bunch
83
Suffix for two
Diplo-
84
Suffix for "in a bunch"
Staph-
85
Suffix for "chain"
Strep
86
What are the four ways we could categorize bacteria?
By structure, shape (+ attachment), how they obtain food and movement
87
How do bacteria move (4 ways)
Flagellum, Pilus, slime layer, does not move
88
What are the three types of heterotrpoic bacteria?
Phototropic, chemotrophic, saprotrophic
89
What does phototropic mean?
Use of organic molecules for food
90
What does chemotrophic mean?
Use of inorganic molecules for food
91
What is budding?
It grows and then breaks off.
92
What is binary fission?
Duplication of DNA, and then divide.
93
What do bacterium use for conjugation
Pilus
94
The sexual reproduction in bacterial cells is also known as...
Genetic recombination
95
What is transformation?
DNA from dead bacteria is absorbed by a living bacterium, producing different offspring
96
What is endosymbiosis?
It is a theory of how eucaryotes are the products of one procaryote swallowing another, then found a mutually beneficial relationship.
97
What do you call organelles that are the products of two engulfed cells coexisting in harmony within one another?
Endosymbiosis
98
What are extremophiles
Things that grow under extreme conditions?
99
What do you call things that grow under extreme conditions?
Extremophiles
100
What do all prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?
Cytoplasm, cellular membrane, ribosomes, genetic information.
101
T/F: Transformation uses plasmid for genes
False, it is straight from the nucleoid
102
Explain transduction.
Transfer of DNA through bacteriophage
103
What is the process of DNA transfer through bacteriophage called?
Transduction
104
What is a pathogen?
Anything that causes a disease
105
What do you call anything that causes a disease?
Pathogens
106
What is the first physical barrier between you and the pathogen?
Skin
107
What does your skin do to prevent pathogen
They secrete sweat and oil. They are acidic
108
What two things do you have in your nose that prevents pathogens?
Hair, mucus.
109
What does Lysosomes use to break down things?
Enzymes
110
What organelle contains enzymes and breaks things down?
Lysosomes
111
What do enzymes do for immunity?
They contain enzymes and breaks down pathogens.
112
What are the different pathogens
Insects, Virus, Bacteria, Fungi
113
What are the three responses for inflammatory response?
Bleeding, Swelling, warming up
114
T/F: a white blood cell is larger than a red one.
True
115
What do you call the type of white blood cell that circulates in the blood, and develops into a macrophage after it moves into infect tissue
Monocyte
116
What is a monocyte?
A white blood cell that circulates in the blood, turns into a macrophage after it moves into an infected tissue
117
What does macrophage do?
Engulfs pathogens
118
What cells are responsible to release chemicals in response to physical injury?
Mast cells
119
What are mast cells?
They are cells that resides in connection tissues, and they release chemicals in the event of physical injury.
120
What is cytokine?
Chemical that performs immune responses.
121
When your mast cells encounter pathogen, what does it release?
Histamines
122
What releases histamines when they encounter pathogens?
Mast cell
123
What chemical can cause your capillaries to swell (dilate)?
Histamin
124
What are capillaries?
They are tiny blood vessels.
125
Why do capillaries swell?
White blood cells are bigger than red ones, and they need room to move in.
126
How do capillaries swell?
Blood and fluid rushes in.
127
What chemical can cause heat to a local area of injury?
Histamin.
128
Why would there need to be heat in a local area?
It can slow down bacteria growth.
129
What three jobs do histamine do?
Swelling, increase blood flow, fever
130
Why is fever good?
It indicates immune response; it produces more white blood cells; it begins the phagocytosis of white blood cells
131
Is fever good?
Yes
132
What is interferon?
It comes from an infected cell to alert other cells that they are being infected. It buys time for the immune system. It can slow down viral replication and bacterial growth.
133
What does an infected cell release that slows down the infection, alerts other cells, and bius the immune system time?
Interferon
134
What are the three lines of defence?
Inert immunity (physical), inflammatory response, specific defense - adaptive response)
135
What is the antigen of a animal virus?
its spikes
136
What are the two types of cells involved in adaptive immunity?
B cell, T cells
137
Where is the B cell matured in?
Bone marrow
138
Where is the T cells matured in?
T cells
139
In theory, how many unique B-cells do you have?
1 billion
140
What are antigens?
Any foreign substance that can cause an immune response
141
What are the two ways of immunity?
Cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity.
142
In cell-mediated immunity, what happens after the macrophage eats the virus?
It displays the antigen on the surface.
143
In cell-mediated immunity, when the macrophage displays on the surface, what comes to it and does what?
The helper T-cells binds to the macrophage and shares antigen photo.
144
In cell-mediated immunity, what does the helper T cell do after attaching itself onto the macrophage?
The helper T-cells divide and becomes activated.
145
In cell-mediated immunity, what cell is activated that performs mass murders of any cells showing antigen?
Cytotoxic T-cell
146
In cell-mediated immunity, when the helper T cell is activated and starts to divide, what three other cells are activated?
Cytotoxic T-cell, Memory T-cell, the *very* specific B-cell.
147
What is apoptosis?
The popping of a cell, cell death
148
Does cytotoxic T-cell kill viruses?
No, only infected cells
149
Does cytotoxic T-cell kill all infected cells by any viruses?
No, just the specific ones.
150
What cell remembers the antigen and speeds up the immune response next time?
Memory T-cells, Memory B-cells
151
T/F: Cytotoxic T-cells stays dormant until activated
True
152
T/F: Memory T-cells stays dormant until activated
False, they must be made.
153
The B cell is part of which immunity system?
Humoral immunity
154
What are the two ways helper B cells could be activated?
By the antigen, or by the helper T cell
155
In humoral immunity, the B cell divides, and what other cells does it produce?
Plasma cells?
156
What cells produces plasma cells?
B cells
157
What releases antibodies?
Plasma cells
158
What do plasma cells produce?
Antibodies.
159
T/F: Memory B-cells can be produced.
True
160
What is secondary response?
It is when the same virus enters the body.
161
What is the use of antibodies?
Antibodies disables the antigen and stops the virus, and mark them for destruction.
162
What disables the antigen and stops the virus?
Antibodies.
163
What is agglutination?
The attachment of antibodies onto viruses?
164
What is the process of the attachment of antibodies onto viruses?
Agglutination
165
What is the first white blood cells to arrive at a site?
Neutrophil/macrophage
166
what is the neutrophil/macrophage?
The first white blood cells to arrive at an infection.
167
Bacteria that cause disease are called?
Pathogens
168
What are exotoxins made of?
Proteins
169
Exotoxins are exclusively in what type of bacteria?
Gram +
170
Endotoxins are exculsively in what type of bacteria?
Gram -
171
T/F: Tetanus are gram positive, meaning they have a thick cell wall, and has exotoxins, while E. Coli and Salmonella have endotoxins and a gram negative.
True
172
Name the structure - streptococci
Round and in strains
173
How many minutes passes by until Bacteria replicates once?
Once every 20 minutes
174
What bacteria has exotoxins?
Gram+
175
What bacteria has endotoxins?
Gram-
176
What is selective poison
It only kills microorganisms.
177
What is biotics?
Microorganisms
178
Where do you derive selective poison?
Mold or bacterium
179
What can you derive from a mold?
Selective poison.
180
T/F: Antibiotics are a form of penicilinine.
False, they are a form of selective poison.
181
Antibiotics are a form of what?
Selective poison.
182
What are sulpha drugs?
They are man-made drugs. Many people could be allergic to them. Theyy are synthesized in a lab
183
Do antibiotics work as viral infections? Why?
They do not. Antibiotics inhibits cell-wall synthesis and/or protein synthesis and/or metabolisms. The viral infects are not alive. They do not work for treatments.
184
Name four ways bacteria become resistant
Mutation, conjugation, transformation, transduction
185
How do humans contribute bacterial resistance
Overuse of antibiotics.
186
What is a superbug?
A bacterium where there is no antibiotic against
187
Why are antibiotics called "selective poisons?"
Because they only kill certain bacteria and not the cells in your body.
188
What is the difference between bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic?
Bacteriocidal kills bacteria directly, while bactiostatic means hindering the growth of bacteria
189
What do you call the type of antibiotic that kills bacteria directly?
Bacteriocidal
190
What do you call the type of antibiotic that hinders the growth of bacteria?
Bactiostatic
191
What are the four things that antibiotic can hinder?
Cell wall reproduction, metabolism, protein synthesis, replication of DNA/RNA
192
Name three ways bacteria can avoid being killed by antibiotic.
Hide from the antibiotic, changing the target for the antibiotic, kill the antibiotic.
