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Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What does virus mean in latin?

A

Poison.

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2
Q

Are viruses non cellular?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What is non-cellular?

A

No cells

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4
Q

T/F: viruses have DNA.

A

False, they have RNA

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5
Q

What is the goal of the virus?

A

They spread easily to make more viruses.

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6
Q

The reproduction rate, what is it?

A

It is how many people one person can spread a virus

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7
Q

What is one theory where viruses come from?

A

They could come from cellular ancestors (common ancestors) And they adapted to a parasitic way of life. Natural selection favored a loss of cellular parts.

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8
Q

T/F: Viruses have metabolism.

A

False

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of life? (8)

A

Homeostatsis, using oxygen, movement, cells, metabolism, respond to environment and stimuli, reproduce, genetic material

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10
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

They are things that only invades bacteria.

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11
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

They are spikes or tails on the surface of the cells keys that unlock host cells.

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12
Q

What is the glycoproteins variant in a bacteriophage?

A

Tail fibers

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13
Q

What is capsid?

A

Contains genetic material, in both bacteriophages and animal viruses. They are made from protein.

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14
Q

What is capsid made of?

A

Protein

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15
Q

The genetic material contained in what?

A

Capsid

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16
Q

What is nuclear acid core

A

located in both types of viruses, they are just genetic information.

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17
Q

What does endplate/baseplate contain and what does it do

A

It contains enzymes that breaks through cell wall

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18
Q

T/F: Bacteria have cell walls

A

True

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19
Q

Do animal viruses have baseplates?

A

No

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20
Q

T/F: Envelopes are only found in bacteriophage

A

False, they are found in animal virus.

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21
Q

What is the function of a envelope?

A

It protects the viruses. Less susceptible to change in environment.

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22
Q

What are envelopes made of?

A

Proteins

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23
Q

Viruses need a ____ ____ in order to replicate.

A

host, cell

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24
Q

The viruses are categorized by …

A

Whats inside of them

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25
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

They are RNA strands that reverses and replicates into DNA.

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26
Q

What is the term that makes a cell tricked into giving a virus a hug?

A

Endocytosis

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27
Q

Name the two ways an animal virus gets out of the cell.

A

Exocytosis, lyse

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28
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Exocytosis is how animal viruses are ejected from a host cell

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29
Q

What is lyse?

A

Is when a virus gets duplicated so much that a cell bursts.

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30
Q

T/F: All viruses do the lysogenic cycle while some does the lytic cycle

A

False

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31
Q

The viral part of a DNA is called what?

A

Prophage

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32
Q

What could cause a lysogenic cycle into a lytic cycle?

A

Stress, UV light, not enough nutrients, not taking care of yourself…

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33
Q

T/F: Not all viruses would ever break out of a lysogenic cycle.

A

True, some would stay dormant forever.

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34
Q

What is a endemic

A

It is a virus that is present in the community at all times.

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35
Q

What type of disease if it stays in a community at all times?

A

Endemic

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36
Q

What happens when cases of an endemic exceed the expected yearly number.

A

It turns into an epidemic.

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37
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

It is a sudden outbreaking of a disease in a region, where there are more cases than expected.

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38
Q

What do you call a disease that affected the large region of the world in a sudden outbreak?

A

Pandemic

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39
Q

Define pandemic.

A

It is a sudden outbreak that affects a large portion of the world.

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40
Q

T/F: Viruses are acellular.

A

True

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41
Q

What is a virion?

A

They are single virus particles.

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42
Q

What do you call a single virus particle?

A

Virion.

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43
Q

What protects all virions?

A

Capsid

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44
Q

Sometimes there is something that surrounds the capsid, what is it called?

A

Viral envelope

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45
Q

What does the viral envelope surround?

A

It surrounds the capsid

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46
Q

What do all viruses use to attach onto host cells?

A

Glycoprotein.

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47
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cell death.

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48
Q

What is the term for cell death?

A

Apoptosis

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49
Q

What is helper T cells

A

Coordinator

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50
Q

What is an Endospore

A

It is the capsules where bacteria hides, it hides until favors become favorable.

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51
Q

T/F: Bacteria are colonial.

A

False, they are unicellular.

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52
Q

What are the two kingdoms of bacteria?

A

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

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53
Q

What are the 2 main characteristics sof bacteria?

A

Procaryotic and unicellular

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54
Q

Where do you find bacteria?

A

EVERYWHERE!

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55
Q

T/F: Archaebacteria is found in extreme environments

A

True

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56
Q

What kingdom of bacteria lives in extreme conditions

A

Archaebacteria.

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57
Q

The cell wall of __________ is composed of pseudo peptidoglycans

A

Archaebacteria

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58
Q

T/F: Archaebacteria is composed of peptidoglycans with muramic acid.

A

False, cell wall is composed of pseudo peptidoglycans.

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59
Q

T/F: Not all bacteria have flagellum.

A

True

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60
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

It provides rigidity, it maintains and provides support of the cell

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61
Q

What is the role of cytoplasm in a bacterial cell?

A

Gel-like that contains enzymes

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62
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls what goes in and out.

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63
Q

What is nucleoid?

A

It is the stuff in the middle of the bacteria that contains the genetic information.

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64
Q

What is plasmid?

A

They are smaller circular DNA that can be replicated independently of a desired DNA fragment.

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65
Q

If a nucleoid wants an upgrade, what does it take and then replicates?

A

Plasmid

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66
Q

What do you call the stuff in the middle of a bacter that contains all genetic information?

A

Nucleoid

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67
Q

What are two ways that bacteria move around?

A

With pilus and flagellum

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68
Q

What is the function of pilus?

A

They serve as mobility, and they transfer DNA in reproduction

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69
Q

What does bacteria use to transfer DNA?

A

Pilus

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70
Q

What are the two categories of bacteria based on outer membrane?

A

Gram + and Gram -

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71
Q

What is the color of gram +?

A

Purple

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72
Q

What is color of gram -?

A

Red

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73
Q

T/F: Gram + has a thin peptidoglycan layer with an outer lipid membrane

A

False, Gram has thick peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) and no outer lipid membrane

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74
Q

What do you use to identify gram +?

A

Crystal violet

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75
Q

What do you use to identify gram -?

A

Safranin

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76
Q

Safranin is used to identify which category of bacteria?

A

Gram -

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77
Q

Crystal violet is used to identify which category of bacteria?

A

Gram +

78
Q

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

A

Cocci, Rods, Spiral

79
Q

A Staphylococci has what shape?

A

Cocci

80
Q

What does the diplo- suffix mean?

A

Two

81
Q

What does the strep- suffix mean?

A

In a strain

82
Q

What does the staph- suffix mean?

A

In a bunch

83
Q

Suffix for two

A

Diplo-

84
Q

Suffix for “in a bunch”

A

Staph-

85
Q

Suffix for “chain”

A

Strep

86
Q

What are the four ways we could categorize bacteria?

A

By structure, shape (+ attachment), how they obtain food and movement

87
Q

How do bacteria move (4 ways)

A

Flagellum, Pilus, slime layer, does not move

88
Q

What are the three types of heterotrpoic bacteria?

A

Phototropic, chemotrophic, saprotrophic

89
Q

What does phototropic mean?

A

Use of organic molecules for food

90
Q

What does chemotrophic mean?

A

Use of inorganic molecules for food

91
Q

What is budding?

A

It grows and then breaks off.

92
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Duplication of DNA, and then divide.

93
Q

What do bacterium use for conjugation

A

Pilus

94
Q

The sexual reproduction in bacterial cells is also known as…

A

Genetic recombination

95
Q

What is transformation?

A

DNA from dead bacteria is absorbed by a living bacterium, producing different offspring

96
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

It is a theory of how eucaryotes are the products of one procaryote swallowing another, then found a mutually beneficial relationship.

97
Q

What do you call organelles that are the products of two engulfed cells coexisting in harmony within one another?

A

Endosymbiosis

98
Q

What are extremophiles

A

Things that grow under extreme conditions?

99
Q

What do you call things that grow under extreme conditions?

A

Extremophiles

100
Q

What do all prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?

A

Cytoplasm, cellular membrane, ribosomes, genetic information.

101
Q

T/F: Transformation uses plasmid for genes

A

False, it is straight from the nucleoid

102
Q

Explain transduction.

A

Transfer of DNA through bacteriophage

103
Q

What is the process of DNA transfer through bacteriophage called?

A

Transduction

104
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Anything that causes a disease

105
Q

What do you call anything that causes a disease?

A

Pathogens

106
Q

What is the first physical barrier between you and the pathogen?

A

Skin

107
Q

What does your skin do to prevent pathogen

A

They secrete sweat and oil. They are acidic

108
Q

What two things do you have in your nose that prevents pathogens?

A

Hair, mucus.

109
Q

What does Lysosomes use to break down things?

A

Enzymes

110
Q

What organelle contains enzymes and breaks things down?

A

Lysosomes

111
Q

What do enzymes do for immunity?

A

They contain enzymes and breaks down pathogens.

112
Q

What are the different pathogens

A

Insects, Virus, Bacteria, Fungi

113
Q

What are the three responses for inflammatory response?

A

Bleeding, Swelling, warming up

114
Q

T/F: a white blood cell is larger than a red one.

A

True

115
Q

What do you call the type of white blood cell that circulates in the blood, and develops into a macrophage after it moves into infect tissue

A

Monocyte

116
Q

What is a monocyte?

A

A white blood cell that circulates in the blood, turns into a macrophage after it moves into an infected tissue

117
Q

What does macrophage do?

A

Engulfs pathogens

118
Q

What cells are responsible to release chemicals in response to physical injury?

A

Mast cells

119
Q

What are mast cells?

A

They are cells that resides in connection tissues, and they release chemicals in the event of physical injury.

120
Q

What is cytokine?

A

Chemical that performs immune responses.

121
Q

When your mast cells encounter pathogen, what does it release?

A

Histamines

122
Q

What releases histamines when they encounter pathogens?

A

Mast cell

123
Q

What chemical can cause your capillaries to swell (dilate)?

A

Histamin

124
Q

What are capillaries?

A

They are tiny blood vessels.

125
Q

Why do capillaries swell?

A

White blood cells are bigger than red ones, and they need room to move in.

126
Q

How do capillaries swell?

A

Blood and fluid rushes in.

127
Q

What chemical can cause heat to a local area of injury?

A

Histamin.

128
Q

Why would there need to be heat in a local area?

A

It can slow down bacteria growth.

129
Q

What three jobs do histamine do?

A

Swelling, increase blood flow, fever

130
Q

Why is fever good?

A

It indicates immune response; it produces more white blood cells; it begins the phagocytosis of white blood cells

131
Q

Is fever good?

A

Yes

132
Q

What is interferon?

A

It comes from an infected cell to alert other cells that they are being infected. It buys time for the immune system. It can slow down viral replication and bacterial growth.

133
Q

What does an infected cell release that slows down the infection, alerts other cells, and bius the immune system time?

A

Interferon

134
Q

What are the three lines of defence?

A

Inert immunity (physical), inflammatory response, specific defense - adaptive response)

135
Q

What is the antigen of a animal virus?

A

its spikes

136
Q

What are the two types of cells involved in adaptive immunity?

A

B cell, T cells

137
Q

Where is the B cell matured in?

A

Bone marrow

138
Q

Where is the T cells matured in?

A

T cells

139
Q

In theory, how many unique B-cells do you have?

A

1 billion

140
Q

What are antigens?

A

Any foreign substance that can cause an immune response

141
Q

What are the two ways of immunity?

A

Cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity.

142
Q

In cell-mediated immunity, what happens after the macrophage eats the virus?

A

It displays the antigen on the surface.

143
Q

In cell-mediated immunity, when the macrophage displays on the surface, what comes to it and does what?

A

The helper T-cells binds to the macrophage and shares antigen photo.

144
Q

In cell-mediated immunity, what does the helper T cell do after attaching itself onto the macrophage?

A

The helper T-cells divide and becomes activated.

145
Q

In cell-mediated immunity, what cell is activated that performs mass murders of any cells showing antigen?

A

Cytotoxic T-cell

146
Q

In cell-mediated immunity, when the helper T cell is activated and starts to divide, what three other cells are activated?

A

Cytotoxic T-cell, Memory T-cell, the very specific B-cell.

147
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

The popping of a cell, cell death

148
Q

Does cytotoxic T-cell kill viruses?

A

No, only infected cells

149
Q

Does cytotoxic T-cell kill all infected cells by any viruses?

A

No, just the specific ones.

150
Q

What cell remembers the antigen and speeds up the immune response next time?

A

Memory T-cells, Memory B-cells

151
Q

T/F: Cytotoxic T-cells stays dormant until activated

A

True

152
Q

T/F: Memory T-cells stays dormant until activated

A

False, they must be made.

153
Q

The B cell is part of which immunity system?

A

Humoral immunity

154
Q

What are the two ways helper B cells could be activated?

A

By the antigen, or by the helper T cell

155
Q

In humoral immunity, the B cell divides, and what other cells does it produce?

A

Plasma cells?

156
Q

What cells produces plasma cells?

A

B cells

157
Q

What releases antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

158
Q

What do plasma cells produce?

A

Antibodies.

159
Q

T/F: Memory B-cells can be produced.

A

True

160
Q

What is secondary response?

A

It is when the same virus enters the body.

161
Q

What is the use of antibodies?

A

Antibodies disables the antigen and stops the virus, and mark them for destruction.

162
Q

What disables the antigen and stops the virus?

A

Antibodies.

163
Q

What is agglutination?

A

The attachment of antibodies onto viruses?

164
Q

What is the process of the attachment of antibodies onto viruses?

A

Agglutination

165
Q

What is the first white blood cells to arrive at a site?

A

Neutrophil/macrophage

166
Q

what is the neutrophil/macrophage?

A

The first white blood cells to arrive at an infection.

167
Q

Bacteria that cause disease are called?

A

Pathogens

168
Q

What are exotoxins made of?

A

Proteins

169
Q

Exotoxins are exclusively in what type of bacteria?

A

Gram +

170
Q

Endotoxins are exculsively in what type of bacteria?

A

Gram -

171
Q

T/F: Tetanus are gram positive, meaning they have a thick cell wall, and has exotoxins, while E. Coli and Salmonella have endotoxins and a gram negative.

A

True

172
Q

Name the structure - streptococci

A

Round and in strains

173
Q

How many minutes passes by until Bacteria replicates once?

A

Once every 20 minutes

174
Q

What bacteria has exotoxins?

A

Gram+

175
Q

What bacteria has endotoxins?

A

Gram-

176
Q

What is selective poison

A

It only kills microorganisms.

177
Q

What is biotics?

A

Microorganisms

178
Q

Where do you derive selective poison?

A

Mold or bacterium

179
Q

What can you derive from a mold?

A

Selective poison.

180
Q

T/F: Antibiotics are a form of penicilinine.

A

False, they are a form of selective poison.

181
Q

Antibiotics are a form of what?

A

Selective poison.

182
Q

What are sulpha drugs?

A

They are man-made drugs. Many people could be allergic to them. Theyy are synthesized in a lab

183
Q

Do antibiotics work as viral infections? Why?

A

They do not. Antibiotics inhibits cell-wall synthesis and/or protein synthesis and/or metabolisms. The viral infects are not alive. They do not work for treatments.

184
Q

Name four ways bacteria become resistant

A

Mutation, conjugation, transformation, transduction

185
Q

How do humans contribute bacterial resistance

A

Overuse of antibiotics.

186
Q

What is a superbug?

A

A bacterium where there is no antibiotic against

187
Q

Why are antibiotics called “selective poisons?”

A

Because they only kill certain bacteria and not the cells in your body.

188
Q

What is the difference between bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriocidal kills bacteria directly, while bactiostatic means hindering the growth of bacteria

189
Q

What do you call the type of antibiotic that kills bacteria directly?

A

Bacteriocidal

190
Q

What do you call the type of antibiotic that hinders the growth of bacteria?

A

Bactiostatic

191
Q

What are the four things that antibiotic can hinder?

A

Cell wall reproduction, metabolism, protein synthesis, replication of DNA/RNA

192
Q

Name three ways bacteria can avoid being killed by antibiotic.

A

Hide from the antibiotic, changing the target for the antibiotic, kill the antibiotic.

Biology 11 (6 decks)

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