Introduction to plants Flashcards
T/F: All plants are photosynthetic organisms.
False: Most of them, but a few parasitic forms have lost the ability to photosynthesize.
T/F: All plants have cell walls
True
What do cell walls contain?
Cellulose
What is the definition of “indeterminate growth” presented in plant cells?
It means they do not have a final body form, and they will keep growing until they die.
Water provides ________ to the algae so they can stay afloat. On land, plants need to develop _________ _______ in air
buoyancy, structural support
What is the definition of “desiccation?”
Drying out
Both _______ and _______ must be protected from drying out
gametes, zygotes
The male gametes must reach the female gametes on land using new strategies since ________ is not an option
swimming
The ability to reproduce IN KIND is a basic characteristic of all living things. What does IN KIND mean?
The offspring of any organism closely resembles its parent or parents. Ex. A donkey will not give birth to a North Atlantic right whale, a birch tree will not drop seeds that will grow into a cactus.
Does in kind means the offspring is EXACTLY the same as their parents?
NO
What is the name of the process which makes genetically identical clones? (hint: it’s also the process of cell division)
Mitosis/mitotic
Haploid cell + haploid cell =
Diploid cell
T/F: In multicellular organisms, the new haploid cell (formed from two diploid cells) will then undergo meiosis cell division to develop an adult organism.
False, In multicellular organisms, the new DIPLOID cell (formed from two HAPLOID cells) will then undergo MITOSIS cell division to develop an adult organism.
___________ alternates with _______ in sexual life cycles.
Fertilization, meiosis
T/F: the process of meiosis reduces the resulting gamete’s chromosome number by half.
True
T/F Fertilization joins two haploid gametes to restore the diploid condition.
True
Name the three main categories of life cycles in multicellular organisms:
diploid-dominant, haploid-dominant, alternation of generations.
Most animals including humans are _______-dominant, in which the multicellular ______ stage is the most obvious life stage, and there is no multicellular _______ stage.
diploid, diploid, haploid
All fungi and some algae are _______-dominant, in which the multicellular ______ stage is the most obvious life stage, and there is no multicellular _______ stage.
haploid, haploid, diploid
Alternation of generation, which haploid and diploid are apparent to one degree or another, happens with ______ and some algae.
plants
Gametes are produced from _____ germ cells.
diploid
Nearly all animals employ a _______-dominant life cycle. The only haploid cells produced by the organism are the _______
diploid, gametes.
What are germ cells
Special cells that only produce gametes.
T/F: germ cells can divide endlessly.
False, Once the
haploid gametes are formed, they lose the ability to divide again.
T/F: for animals, multicellular haploid life stage can still occur.
False
___________ occurs with the fusion of two _______, usually from different individuals, restoring the _____ state.
Fertilization, gametes, diploid
When two gametes are fused together, the result cell is known as a:
Zygote
Ploidy level: the number of sets of __________ in a cell.
chromosomes
Haploid cells contain ___ set of chromosomes while diploids contain ___
one, two.
T/F: One cycle of meiosis will split the haploid into diploids.
False. a DIPLOID split into a HAPLOID.
What does somatic cell mean?
Somatic cells are the nonreproductive cells of a multicellular organism
In synapsis, the genes on the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes are _______
aligned.
______ ____: an exchange of chromosome segments between non-sister homologous chromatids.
Crossing over
The interphase happens before a meiosis. The cell would be _______, there will be replication of ___, and carrying out cell functions and processes (hint: amoeba sisters)
growth, DNA
How many chromosomes does a human diploid cell have?
46
How many chromosomes does a human haploid cell have?
23
What is 2n defined as?
Diploid
What is n defined as?
Haploid
The process of meiosis turns one cell into ____
four.
The gametophytes makes_______
gametes.
T/F: Gametes are diploid cells
False
T/F: Zygote are diploid cells
True
T/F: Zygotes are multicellular
False
Gametophytes makes ______
gametes
T/F: Gametes are multicellular
False.
T/F: Zygotes are diploid.
True
T/F: Algae are usually in the kingdom plante
True…Usually…
T/F: There are algae that lives on land.
False
T/F: Algae have leaves
False
T/F: Algae has no roots, stems, leaves.
True
T/F: Stems are needed for algae to survive.
False, algae have no stems
T/F: algae have vascular tissue and internal systems to move gases and nutrients
False
What is diffusion?
Movement of materials against the gradient.
How do algae consume?
Using diffusion
T/F: diffusion is efficient and fast.
False
Why does diffusion work with algae
They are bathed in food, which is water.
T/F: algae grows in ice.
True
T/F: Algae all share chlorophyll A
True
Different chlorophylls absorb different __________
wavelengths (of light, duh).
T/F: Water absorbs red, yellow, and green.
True.
Water ______ certain ______ on the surface.
absorbs, lights/wavelengths
T/F: All algae are green.
False
Plants are all phototropic autotrophs. What does autotroph mean?
It produces its own food.
What is the chemical equation of photosynthesis?
[6]H2O + [6]CO2 -> (Energy, Chlorophyll) C6H12O6 + 6O2
{Weakling explanation: Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy & Chlorophyll -> Glucose + Oxygen}
T/F: all plants are eukaryotic.
True
T/F: All plants do not have a nucleus.
False (Why would you think that??)
T/F: All plants remain stationary.
True
T/F: Ferns and mosses are vascular plants.
False, they do not have tube-like structures that transport water like say, an apple tree.
Diploid cells can be made from the cellular division process known as _______ while haploid cells are made from _______
mitosis, meiosis.
The _____phyte is a _______ / 2N generation that will produce ______ with meiosis, which will grow (mitosis) into ______phyte. (Hint, partial words are completed)
sporo, diploid, spores, gameto
The ______phyte is a ______ / 1N generation that will produce gametes with _______, also known as cell duplication/division. They will undergo ____________ which they will become a zygote, then grow into a sporophyte again. (Hint: the first word is partially completed)
gameto, haploid, mitosis, fertilization
T/F: Plants first appeared on land, then adapted to live in water.
False
T/F: Different plant groups have different dominant generations (sporophyte or gametophyte).
True
T/F: Most algae have flagella at some point in their life cycle.
True
Algae cells often contain pyrenoids, which are _________ that ________ and _____ starch and is sometimes called starch granule.
organelles, synthesizes, stores
T/F: Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a moss and a fern. A moss gives a water source, while a fern will give sunlight.
FALSE! LIES! DO NOT TRUST! Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between an alga, (sometimes a bacteria), and a fungi. Alga gives carbon and energy, while a fungi gives protection and water.
There are three types of lichens: _______ (think foliage) which grows top to bottom, fruticose which _____ _______, and finally ________ which is like a _____
foliose, grows, outwards, crustose, crust
Biologists believe that green _____ is the common ancestors to ____ plants.
algae, land
T/F: Carotenoids help absorb water.
False, carotenoids help absorb light.
T/F: Green algae and plants both store food as starch.
True
T/F Flagella is the plural form of flagellum.
True
What is the plural form of mitochondrium?
Mitochondria
Flagella looks like…
A long thing that comes off of the cell
T/F: Cilium is the plural form of cilia
False
T/F: Flagella are numerous and short hair-like, while cilia are long, but not so numerous.
False, CILIA are numerous and short hair-like, while FLAGELLA are long, but not so numerous.
What is Mutualism symbiotic relationship?
Both organisms benefit from each other
What is Parasitic symbiotic relationship?
One organism is not benefitting from the relationships while the other takes advantages.
What is Menelasm symbiotic relationship?
One organism is benefitting while the other is not affected positively or negatively.
The green algae belongs in the phylum ___________. It could be unicellular, colonial, and multicellular
Chlorophyta
What is the definition of colonial?
They are groups of cells that, rather than being multicellular, they are colonies of cells.
All land plants and green algae share ___________ A and _
Chlorophyll, B.
The Phylum Phaeophyta refers to _____ _____
brown, algae
Brown algae have ___ bladders so that it can ____ so it can get close to the sun in order to ____
air, float, photosynthesize.
Phaeophyta are _____ algae that are multicellular, that are found in cool, saltwater habitats
Brown
T/F Phaeophyta have a brown accessory pigment.
True
Brown algae will have food stored as _______ (think laminate), which is ________ units with glucose but linked _________ than those in _____
laminarin, carbohydrates, differently, starch.
The ________ holds a brown algae (anchors) to the rocks. The ___ _______ will cause leaf-like portion to _____ near the surface
holdfast, air, bladder, float
T/F: The stipes are like the leaves.
False, Stipes looks like a stem.
T/F: The blade resembles leaves.
True
What is a frond?
The frond refers to the entire algae except for the holdfast.
What parts belong in the frond of an algae?
Blade, stipe, air bladder
