Introduction to plants Flashcards
1
Q
T/F: All plants are photosynthetic organisms.
A
False: Most of them, but a few parasitic forms have lost the ability to photosynthesize.
2
Q
T/F: All plants have cell walls
A
True
3
Q
What do cell walls contain?
A
Cellulose
4
Q
What is the definition of “indeterminate growth” presented in plant cells?
A
It means they do not have a final body form, and they will keep growing until they die.
5
Q
Water provides ________ to the algae so they can stay afloat. On land, plants need to develop _________ _______ in air
A
buoyancy, structural support
6
Q
What is the definition of “desiccation?”
A
Drying out
7
Q
Both _______ and _______ must be protected from drying out
A
gametes, zygotes
8
Q
The male gametes must reach the female gametes on land using new strategies since ________ is not an option
A
swimming
9
Q
The ability to reproduce IN KIND is a basic characteristic of all living things. What does IN KIND mean?
A
The offspring of any organism closely resembles its parent or parents. Ex. A donkey will not give birth to a North Atlantic right whale, a birch tree will not drop seeds that will grow into a cactus.
10
Q
Does in kind means the offspring is EXACTLY the same as their parents?
A
NO
11
Q
What is the name of the process which makes genetically identical clones? (hint: it’s also the process of cell division)
A
Mitosis/mitotic
12
Q
Haploid cell + haploid cell =
A
Diploid cell
13
Q
T/F: In multicellular organisms, the new haploid cell (formed from two diploid cells) will then undergo meiosis cell division to develop an adult organism.
A
False, In multicellular organisms, the new DIPLOID cell (formed from two HAPLOID cells) will then undergo MITOSIS cell division to develop an adult organism.
14
Q
___________ alternates with _______ in sexual life cycles.
A
Fertilization, meiosis
15
Q
T/F: the process of meiosis reduces the resulting gamete’s chromosome number by half.
A
True
16
Q
T/F Fertilization joins two haploid gametes to restore the diploid condition.
A
True
17
Q
Name the three main categories of life cycles in multicellular organisms:
A
diploid-dominant, haploid-dominant, alternation of generations.
18
Q
Most animals including humans are _______-dominant, in which the multicellular ______ stage is the most obvious life stage, and there is no multicellular _______ stage.
A
diploid, diploid, haploid
19
Q
All fungi and some algae are _______-dominant, in which the multicellular ______ stage is the most obvious life stage, and there is no multicellular _______ stage.
A
haploid, haploid, diploid
20
Q
Alternation of generation, which haploid and diploid are apparent to one degree or another, happens with ______ and some algae.
A
plants
21
Q
Gametes are produced from _____ germ cells.
A
diploid
22
Q
Nearly all animals employ a _______-dominant life cycle. The only haploid cells produced by the organism are the _______
A
diploid, gametes.
23
Q
What are germ cells
A
Special cells that only produce gametes.
24
Q
T/F: germ cells can divide endlessly.
A
False, Once the
haploid gametes are formed, they lose the ability to divide again.
25
T/F: for animals, multicellular haploid life stage can still occur.
False
26
___________ occurs with the fusion of two _______, usually from different individuals, restoring the _____ state.
Fertilization, gametes, diploid
27
When two gametes are fused together, the result cell is known as a:
Zygote
28
Ploidy level: the number of sets of __________ in a cell.
chromosomes
29
Haploid cells contain ___ set of chromosomes while diploids contain ___
one, two.
30
T/F: One cycle of meiosis will split the haploid into diploids.
False. a DIPLOID split into a HAPLOID.
31
What does somatic cell mean?
Somatic cells are the nonreproductive cells of a multicellular organism
32
In synapsis, the genes on the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes are _______
aligned.
33
______ ____: an exchange of chromosome segments between non-sister homologous chromatids.
Crossing over
34
The interphase happens before a meiosis. The cell would be _______, there will be replication of ___, and carrying out cell functions and processes (hint: amoeba sisters)
growth, DNA
35
How many chromosomes does a human diploid cell have?
46
36
How many chromosomes does a human haploid cell have?
23
37
What is 2n defined as?
Diploid
38
What is n defined as?
Haploid
39
The process of meiosis turns one cell into ____
four.
40
The gametophytes makes_______
gametes.
41
T/F: Gametes are diploid cells
False
42
T/F: Zygote are diploid cells
True
43
T/F: Zygotes are multicellular
False
44
Gametophytes makes ______
gametes
45
T/F: Gametes are multicellular
False.
46
T/F: Zygotes are diploid.
True
47
T/F: Algae are usually in the kingdom plante
True...Usually...
48
T/F: There are algae that lives on land.
False
49
T/F: Algae have leaves
False
50
T/F: Algae has no roots, stems, leaves.
True
51
T/F: Stems are needed for algae to survive.
False, algae have no stems
52
T/F: algae have vascular tissue and internal systems to move gases and nutrients
False
53
What is diffusion?
Movement of materials against the gradient.
54
How do algae consume?
Using diffusion
55
T/F: diffusion is efficient and fast.
False
56
Why does diffusion work with algae
They are bathed in food, which is water.
57
T/F: algae grows in ice.
True
58
T/F: Algae all share chlorophyll A
True
59
Different chlorophylls absorb different __________
wavelengths (of light, duh).
60
T/F: Water absorbs red, yellow, and green.
True.
61
Water ______ certain ______ on the surface.
absorbs, lights/wavelengths
62
T/F: All algae are green.
False
63
Plants are all phototropic autotrophs. What does autotroph mean?
It produces its own food.
64
What is the chemical equation of photosynthesis?
[6]H2O + [6]CO2 -> (Energy, Chlorophyll) C6H12O6 + 6O2
{Weakling explanation: Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy & Chlorophyll -> Glucose + Oxygen}
65
T/F: all plants are eukaryotic.
True
66
T/F: All plants do not have a nucleus.
False (Why would you think that??)
67
T/F: All plants remain stationary.
True
68
T/F: Ferns and mosses are vascular plants.
False, they do not have tube-like structures that transport water like say, an apple tree.
69
Diploid cells can be made from the cellular division process known as _______ while haploid cells are made from _______
mitosis, meiosis.
70
The _____phyte is a _______ / 2N generation that will produce ______ with meiosis, which will grow (mitosis) into ______phyte. (Hint, partial words are completed)
sporo, diploid, spores, gameto
71
The ______phyte is a ______ / 1N generation that will produce gametes with _______, also known as cell duplication/division. They will undergo ____________ which they will become a zygote, then grow into a sporophyte again. (Hint: the first word is partially completed)
gameto, haploid, mitosis, fertilization
72
T/F: Plants first appeared on land, then adapted to live in water.
False
73
T/F: Different plant groups have different dominant generations (sporophyte or gametophyte).
True
74
T/F: Most algae have flagella at some point in their life cycle.
True
75
Algae cells often contain pyrenoids, which are _________ that ________ and _____ starch and is sometimes called starch granule.
organelles, synthesizes, stores
76
T/F: Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a moss and a fern. A moss gives a water source, while a fern will give sunlight.
FALSE! LIES! DO NOT TRUST! Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between an alga, (sometimes a bacteria), and a fungi. Alga gives carbon and energy, while a fungi gives protection and water.
77
There are three types of lichens: _______ (think foliage) which grows top to bottom, fruticose which _____ _______, and finally ________ which is like a _____
foliose, grows, outwards, crustose, crust
78
Biologists believe that green _____ is the common ancestors to ____ plants.
algae, land
79
T/F: Carotenoids help absorb water.
False, carotenoids help absorb light.
80
T/F: Green algae and plants both store food as starch.
True
81
T/F Flagella is the plural form of flagellum.
True
82
What is the plural form of mitochondrium?
Mitochondria
83
Flagella looks like...
A long thing that comes off of the cell
84
T/F: Cilium is the plural form of cilia
False
85
T/F: Flagella are numerous and short hair-like, while cilia are long, but not so numerous.
False, CILIA are numerous and short hair-like, while FLAGELLA are long, but not so numerous.
86
What is Mutualism symbiotic relationship?
Both organisms benefit from each other
87
What is Parasitic symbiotic relationship?
One organism is not benefitting from the relationships while the other takes advantages.
88
What is Menelasm symbiotic relationship?
One organism is benefitting while the other is not affected positively or negatively.
89
The green algae belongs in the phylum ___________. It could be unicellular, colonial, and multicellular
Chlorophyta
90
What is the definition of colonial?
They are groups of cells that, rather than being multicellular, they are colonies of cells.
91
All land plants and green algae share ___________ A and _
Chlorophyll, B.
92
The Phylum Phaeophyta refers to _____ _____
brown, algae
93
Brown algae have ___ bladders so that it can ____ so it can get close to the sun in order to ____
air, float, photosynthesize.
94
Phaeophyta are _____ algae that are multicellular, that are found in cool, saltwater habitats
Brown
95
T/F Phaeophyta have a brown accessory pigment.
True
96
Brown algae will have food stored as _______ (think laminate), which is ________ units with glucose but linked _________ than those in _____
laminarin, carbohydrates, differently, starch.
97
The ________ holds a brown algae (anchors) to the rocks. The ___ _______ will cause leaf-like portion to _____ near the surface
holdfast, air, bladder, float
98
T/F: The stipes are like the leaves.
False, Stipes looks like a stem.
99
T/F: The blade resembles leaves.
True
100
What is a frond?
The frond refers to the entire algae except for the holdfast.
101
What parts belong in the frond of an algae?
Blade, stipe, air bladder
102
T/F: Float is another word for air bladder.
True
103
Phylum Rhodophyta refers to the ___ algae
red
104
Order the colors of algaes from shallow to deep.
Green, brown, red.
105
T/F: Red algae can turn green sometimes.
False, but some PURPLE algaes fall into the red algae category.
106
T/F: Red algae is distinguished by their branching filaments.
True
107
What is a branching filament?
A branching filament means that the ends of the algae can branch out.
108
The red accessory pigments is known as _____, it _____ sunlight.
phycobilin, traps
109
T/F: Red algae lives in shallow waters and in cold waters.
False, red algae live in deep waters and warm waters. However, it does happen that some can grow in British Colombian waters
110
What is the definition of asexual production?
One partner involved, which producing clone offspring
111
(Chlamydomonas) A mature ______ (n) cell will undergo mitosis that produces 2 - 8 ______ cells called ________ that develop within the parent cell
haploid, haploid, zoospores
112
Zoospores will _____ ___ of the ______ cell, disperse, and eventually ____ to full size.
break, out, parent, grow
113
Under mitosis and asexual reproduction, the new cells are genetically ________ to its ______ cell.
identical, parent
114
T/F: Sexual reproduction are identical clones to their parents.
False
115
When conditions are favorable, the algae will reproduce _________. In contrast, if condition is not favorable, the algae will reproduce ________
asexually, sexually.
116
What is a zygospore?
When condition becomes unfavorable for algae, two gametes will come in contact with one another and shed their cell wall. They fuse and form a diploid zygote. which develops a thick protective wall called a zygospore. When favorable conditions exist, the zygospore undergoes meiosis, the zygospore will be torn, and the zoospores emerge.
117
What is the name of sexual reproduction with filament green algae?
Conjugation.
118
What are the four forms green algae can appear in.
Unicellular, multicellular, filament, colonial.
119
During conjugation, the spirogyra align ___ by ____, and their ____ _____ dissolve and a _______ ____ forms _____ ____
Side, side, cell, wall, conjugation, tube, between, them
120
What is isogamete?
Gametes are the same.
121
What is a less common term for isogamete?
Homogamete
122
What does heterogamete mean?
The gametes are different.
123
What is syngamy?
The fusion of gametes
124
Is fertilization the same thing as syngamy?
Not exactly, when we talk about the microscopic organisms - syngamy. Fertilization talks more about the animals instead. But you can always use the word fusion if you are not sure.
125
All living things need ______
oxygen. (Water is a good answer too!)
125
Algae absorbs oxygen through _______
diffusion.
126
Algae gains water through ______
osmosis.
127
T/F: Algae panics in terror for water.
False, they do not panic for water.
128
Algae gametes uses _______ to move around in _____
flagella, water.
129
Algae absorbs nutrients through _________
diffusion.
130
T/F: Moss uses diffusion to obtain oxygen.
True
131
T/F: Moss panics in terror in search for water
True
132
Moss needs to worry about gametes that needs to ____
Swim
133
T/F: Moss has support, which is why is small.
False, moss has no support, therefore it is small.
134
What does non-vascular mean?
They do not tube inside them to move materials.
135
Fern have ______ that is ____ covering that prevents _____ _____
cuticles, waxy, water, loss.
136
T/F: Moss has cuticle, and therefore water loss is not a problem.
False, it DOES not have cuticle, and therefore water loss is a problem.
137
What is a stomata?
This is a opening in the leaves that allows gas exchange.
138
Do mosses have stomata?
No
139
T/F: Ferns have gametes that swim.
True
140
T/F: All plants technically have sperms that can swim in water
False, other plants have evolved to other structures not needing water.
141
T/F: Pollen is tree sperm.
True
142
The support for a fern exists in the _________ ______, they are ____ inside that are thick and offer lots of supports. There are two different types: xylem transports ___, phloem transports ______
vascular, tissue, tubes, water, sugar.
143
T/F: Sap is xylem.
False, phloem.
144
T/F: Algae have no conduction problems, which means movement of materials.
True
145
T/F: Moss has no conduction problems.
False, they do have conduction problems as they need to rely on diffusion to move materials.
146
Ferns have _______ _____, which offers support, but also help move ________
vascular tissue, materials.
147
Fern has conductions. Do moss and algae do conductions?
No, they do not.
148
T/F: Moss are haploid-dominant.
False, they are alternation of generations
149
The capsule on the moss is called ______, while the stalk is called the ____
calyptra, seta.
150
What does protonema mean?
young (plant/moss) gametophyte
151
Which phylum does the moss belong in?
Bryophytes
152
The first bryophytes liked being in dry habitats.
False, they like damp.
153
What does non-tracheophyte mean?
Non-vascular
154
What are rhizoids?
They are roots of a non-vascular plant.
155
How does water and nutrients go into a gametophyte of a moss?
They are absorbed directly through the leaflike structures.
156
T/F: the gametophyte grows directly on top of the sporophyte like a parasite and extracting all the nutrients from it.
False, the sporophyte grows directly on top of the sporophyte like a parasite and extras all the nutrients from it.
157
Inside the _________ of the _________contains ____ which are haploid and will undergo _______ to form a protonema.
calpytra, sporophyte, spores, germination
158
The male part of the moss that releases ___ is called _________, while the female part of the moss that releases _____ is called _________
sperm, antheridial (head), egg, archegonial (head).
159
What makes the surface of a fern frond shiny?
The cuticles
160
What is the name of the tiny little dots found on the bottom side of a frond?
Sori
161
What is the name of a "leaf" of a fern?
Frond
162
T/F: Vascular plants are haploid gametophyte-dominant.
False, they are diploid and sporophyte-dominant.
163
The fern absorbs nutrients from the ____
soil.
164
What is the difference between a rhizoid and a rhizome?
Rhizoids are filaments that anchor the moss or any bryophytes to the ground, whereas rhizomes are stem-like structures underground for ferns to store food, obtain food, and be used in reproduction.
165
The main difference between a rhizome and a ____ is that a ____ has no nodes or ______. ____function to attach plants to the ground, store ____, and absorb ____ and ________.Unlike ____, rhizomes transport water and nutrients to other parts of the plant.
root, root, leaves, Roots, food, water, nutrients, roots
166
T/F: Seed, Cuticle, Stomata, Vascular tissue (Moving thing up and down and helps with support) are six things that help plants adapt to land.
False. COUNT PROPERLY. ITS FIVE THINGS
167
T/F: Seeds is an embryonic gametophyte.
False, they are an embryonic sporophyte.
168
T/F: Seeds have a protective coat and enough nutrients until it is ready germinate.
True.
169
T/F: seeds can spread using animals, water, and wind.
True.
170
T/F: Coconut is a fruit that has a seed in it.
True.
171
Pollen is a ____spores. (micro/macro)
micro
172
A microspore will grow into a ____________ and a megaspore will grow into a ___________
microgametophyte, megagametophyte.
173
The megagametophyte contains ____ and thus is female. It contains the _____ sac. ____ is another word for egg
egg(s), embryo, Ovule
174
What does gymnosperm mean?
Gymno means naked/uncovered. The gymnosperm means that the seeds are not covered by a fruit. They are often exposed on the suface of scales in cones.
175
T/F: Cones are modified seeds that have evolved into a sporophyte.
FALSE!! LIES!! DO NOT TRUST!!! - Cones are modified leaves that have evolved into reproductive structures.
176
The needle on a conifer is an adaptation for tress that live in _____ and _____ conditions.
colder, drier
177
T/F: Needles have less surface area to volume, and thus less water loss.
True.
178
T/F: pine needles do not have cuticle, since it is cold and water loss is not a problem.
False, they have thicker cuticles due to a colder climate.
179
Conifer has adapted using ______ that protects the ______ almost forever, but they are naked. The _____ are leaves that are modified into _____ or ______ to maintain less surface to volume. That have a very ____ cuticle. The vascular tissues still exist to provide nutrients and ______
seeds, embryo, needles, scales, needles, thick, support.
180
______ are sperms carried by wind for fertilization, and no ____ is needed
Pollen, water
181
What is definition of angiosperm?
Seed covered by fruit
182
What is the definition of deciduous?
No needles, no cones, leaves fall off
183
T/F: all angiosperms have flowers.
True
184
The reasons why angiosperms are successful is because they are covered by the ____ and by eating it, animal helps ____ the reproductive _____
fruit, disperse, seeds.
185
What is coevolution?
The evolution of two species side by side.
186
Coevolution for angiosperms means that _______ gets a _____ in the form of _____ which is inside the _____ and get covered by ______ (gamete), and then drop it off at the next flower when they get more ______
insects, prize/reward, nectar, flower, pollen, nectar
187
Coevolution for angiosperms means that _______ gets a _____ in the form of _____ which is inside the _____ and get covered by ______ (gamete), and then drop it off at the next flower when they get more ______
insects, prize/reward, nectar, flower, pollen, nectar
188
T/F: Pollen is macrogametes.
False, pollen is microgametes.
189
The flowers attract bees by _____, landing pad, or _______
color/bright, scent.
190
Adaptions of angiosperms includes _____ that are encased in ____, they are _____ by animals, the leaves have a _____ surface area to maximize photosynthesis, and they have a waxy ______ to live in ______ areas.
seed, fruit, carried/dispersed
191
Adaptions of angiosperms includes _____ that are encased in ____, they are _____ by animals, the leaves have a _____ surface area to maximize photosynthesis, and they have a waxy ______ to live in ______ areas.
seed, fruit, carried/dispersed, big/large, cuticle, hot/warm
192
T/F: all angiosperms do not have vascular tissues.
False, they do have vascular tissues.
193
A trumpet-shaped flower attracts ______
birds.
194
The top female part of a flower (a ____) is called a _____, right under it is the ____, and then the _____, which creates eggs, is at the bottom.
pistil, stigma, style, ovary (ovaries)
195
The _____, the male part of the flower, has two parts: the _____ is on top, and the _____ is on the bottom
stamen, anther, filament
196
What does pollination mean?
The movement of pollen (microgamete) from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower.
197
Holes that allow gas exchange in plants. What is it?
Stomata
198
The pollen is produced from the ______
anther.
199
What is another name for a Pistil?
Carpel
200
Where are ovules made?
Ovary
201
The opening to the ovules is called a ______
Microphyle.
202
T/F: There is only one ovule in one ovary.
False, there are lots.
203
T/F: There is a microphyle in every ovule.
True.
204
T/F: Stigmas are slippery.
False, they are sticky.
205
The stigma is receptive to pollen at a ______ time to prevent ____-_________
different, self, fertilization.
206
There are chemicals in a flower's _____ that promote the growth of a _____ ____
stigma, pollen, tube.
207
Pollen grain divides into ____ nuclei into _ sperm _ tube nuclei.
3, 2, 1
208
Inside the ovule, they are divided into _ nuclei but we only care about _ because we are selective. _ Are polar nuclei and _ is ____ _____
8, 3, 2, 1, egg, nuclei.
209
The tube nuclei serves to ____ the other two nuclei.
deliver
210
The syngamy of flowers uses _ sperm and _ nuclei. they are all haploid. They make a ______
2, 1, triploid.
211
How many n's are there in triploids
3
212
The endosperm is food for the _____
embryo.
213
The other sperm goes to meet the ____ to form a ____ which is diploid.
egg, zygote
214
The ovule hardens to form the _____ ____
seed coat.
215
The zygote would then form into a _____
embryo.
216
The ovary would _____ to form the fruit.
swell
217
A Monocot comes in floral parts of _____
three.
218
Dicots comes in floral parts of _____ or ____
fours, fives.
219
Monocotyldons have a ______ leaf vains.
parallel.
220
Pollen grain has ___ pores or furrows in a dicot.
three
221
The vascular bundle is made of _____ and _______
xylem, phloem.
222
A fibrous has no _____ root.
main
223
Does a taproot have a main root?
yes
224
T/F: Net-like leaf vains belong to a dicot.
True
225
In a monocot root, the xylem cells form a _____ _______, while the eudicot root cells forma pattern that _____ in ____ ways
circular, pattern, branches, three (to four)
226
Where are phloem cells in a monocot root? Eudicot root?
Phloem root: between each big circle, Eudicot: between the arms.
227
T/F: Eudicot vascular tissue are arranged in a ring
True
228
Dead _____ cells that make up the rings of the tree. The ______ indicated growing condition were good. The living part of the tree lives _____ the bark.
Xylem, thickness (of the ring), between
229
The vascular Cambrium creates _____ and ____
Xylem, Phloem.
230
the sapwood is another name for _____ in the tree
phloem (cells)
231
Is tree a monocot or dicot?
Dicot
232
What does the inside of the tree do?
Absolutely nothing, just like me.
233
Perfect flowers are considered to have both _____ and _____ reproductive organs. They are also called a _______
male, female, hermaphrodite.
234
What does hermaphrodite mean?
A organism that has both functional male and female parts of reproductive organ.
235
Monoecious plant has two separate flowers (of the same species of the _____ sex.
different
236
Diecious plant has two separate flowers (of the same species) of the ____ sex.
same
237
_______ and _______ plants are considered imperfect flowers.
Monoecious, diecious
238
The roots of a plant _______ the plant to the ground, it _____ and ______ nutrients as well.
anchors, absorbs, transports
239
Describe the difference between a tap root and a fibrous root.
A tap root has one thick root, with the others being secondary and a fibrous root has many roots of the same thickness.
240
Stems _____ nutrients to its leaves and it is a supportive structure.
transports
241
A monocot has _____ root, whereas a ______ has fibrous roots. Within the cells of a root, the xylem of a monocot forms a ____, while for the dicot the _____ branches out in three or four ways. (Like a star)
fibrous, eudicot/dicot, ring, xylem
242
Monocot means that there is one ________ and dicot means that there is ____ cotyledon
cotyledon, two
243
The veins in a monocot leaf is _____ while in a dicot the veins are _____
parallel, network/branched
244
When do a cross section of a root, you will find the vascular tissue of a _____ is scattered, while in ______ they are arranged in a ring pattern.
monocot, eudicot
245
T/F: the pollen of a eudicot is monosulcate.
False, they are trisulcate, the pollen of a monocot is monosulcate.
246
The flower parts of monocot is in groups of ____, while in a eudicot they are in 4-5 or multiple of ____ or ____ and whorls.
3, 4, 5
247
The vascular tissue of a dicot stem is arranged in a ___, with the ___ cells being bigger and on the inside. For a monocot stem, they are not arranged in a ring, instead they have scattered vascular bundles, with mostly ____ xylems and ______ surrounding it.
ring, xylem, three, phloem
248
T/F: Roots, being underground, needs oxygen.
True
249
What do you call a leaf on a flower?
blades.
250
The dicot blade is attached to the stem by a thin structure called the ______
petiole.
251
The monocot blade is attached to the stem by a structure called the ______
sheath.
252
Name four adaptations of land plants.
Vascular tissue, cuticle, roots, leaves.
