Microbiology Flashcards
Name the two main gram postive cocci?
staphylococcus and streptococcus
Name the main gram postive RODS
Co/Li/Bac/Cl
Corynebacterium
Listeria
Bacilus
Clostridium
Name the main gram negative cocci
neisseria meningitidis and neisseria gonorrhoeae
What are the three exceptions in gram stains
- Myobacterium - cell structure different
- Mycoplasma- no cell wall
- Spirochetes
Name some gram negative RODS
Enterobacteria
=”coliforms”
E.coli,Klebsiella etc
Pseudomonas spp
Legionella
Streptococci are divided into two main groups which are?
Alpha haemolytic streps/ Beta haemolytic streptococci
Group A streptococci/ Group B streptococci
Alpha haemolytic streps: Only one is usually pathogenic: Streptococcus
pneumoniae, the pneumococcus. Causes _______, sometimes with
accompanied ________, _________
The other alpha haemolytic streps are often common commensal bacteria in
the _____ and ______. They are associated with _______ ________ in
patients with prosthetic heart valves.
Alpha haemolytic streps: Only one is usually pathogenic: Streptococcus
pneumoniae, the pneumococcus. Causes pneumonia, sometimes with
accompanied bacteraemia, meningitis
The other alpha haemolytic streps are often common commensal bacteria in
the mouth and throat. They are associated with bacterial endocarditis in
patients with prosthetic heart valves.
Beta haemolytic streptococci. These are further divided into groups; __,__,___ being most important.
Beta haemolytic streptococci. These are further divided into groups; A, B, D being most important.
Do NOT confuse Group A streptococci with Alpha haemolytic streptococci.
Group A streptococci (S.pyogenes) causes ______ and ______ ______, but can also cause severe infections including n_____ ________. Group A streptococcus in a blood culture indicates a severe infection, and must be treated aggressively.
Group A streptococci (S.pyogenes) causes tonsillitis and skin infections, but can also cause severe infections including necrotising fasciitis. Group A streptococcus in a blood culture indicates a severe infection, and must be treated aggressively.
Group A streptococci (S.pyogenes) causes ______ and ______ ______, but can also cause severe infections including n_____ ________. Group A streptococcus in a blood culture indicates a severe infection, and must be treated aggressively.
Group A streptococci (S.pyogenes) causes tonsillitis and skin infections, but can also cause severe infections including necrotising fasciitis. Group A streptococcus in a blood culture indicates a severe infection, and must be treated aggressively.
Group B streptococci (S.agalactiae) can cause severe infections in neonates, as _______ and/or ________
Group B streptococci (S.agalactiae) can cause severe infections in neonates, as meningitis and/or septicaemia.
Staphylococci are divided into two groups by the coagulase test. What are they?
Staph aureus
Coagulase negative staphylococci
Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) are found on the ___ and usually are of low pathogenicity. They were formally called __________, but are now divided into many species, so usually easier to report as CNS. CNS’s may be significant in blood cultures in patients with indwelling lines and in immunocompromised patients
Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) are found on the skin and usually are of low pathogenicity. They were formally called S.epidermidis, but are now divided into many species, so usually easier to report as CNS. CNS’s may be significant in blood cultures in patients with indwelling lines and in immunocompromised patients
How can Staphylococcus aureus be carried?
Nasal and skin.
skin infections, surgical wound infections, bacteraemia, endocarditis, pneumonia and bone and joint infection
What is the standard Abx to treat staphylococcal infections?
Flucloxacillin
What is another name for flucloxacilin?
Meticillin
Listeria monocytogenes occurs naturally in…
animal and dairy products
poorly prepared/stored sandwiches. etc
Listeria monocytogenes can cause infections in who….
pregnant ladies
Imunnocompromised people
How is C.difficile spores transmitted?
hospital environment, causing diarrhoea particularly in elderly patients
Also occurs in nursing/residential homes,
What does C. DIff cause in patients?
diarrhoea
What are the different clostridium species?
C.difficile
C.botulinum
C.perfingens/welchi
C. tetani
What is prevention like for C.diff?
. Prevention is by hand washing between patient contacts, avoiding cephalosporin antibiotics and rational use of others, and effective cleaning, including hydrogen peroxide ward decontamination, of the hospital environment
What are some importabt factors of C.botulinum?
(botulism, a paralysis of nerve conduction)
can occur when the spores contaminate preserved food.
(Rare).
Have been recent outbreaks in IVDU’s due to contaminated heroin.
What is the function of C.perfingens/welchi?
produce many toxins, with infections ranging from food poisoning to gas gangrene
Bacillus spp can be easily identified as two species ?
WHat are they?
B. cereus
B. antracis
Importance of B. cereus and B. antracis
- B.cereus is a cause of food poisoning in the community.
- B.anthracis is the cause of anthrax.
Name the non sporing forming gram +ive bacilli?
corynebacterium
Listeria
corynebacterium can be split into?
corynebacterium diphtheriae
coryneform diphtheroids
Who are vulnerbale to corynebacterium?
immunocompromised
They may also cause infection in prosthetic implants.
In suspected meningococcal septicaemia, an__ is not usually done. Blood in an _____ ____ for pcr is as important as a blood culture. It is now the gold standard, and may give a quicker result.
In suspected meningococcal septicaemia, an LP is not usually done. Blood in an EDTA tube for pcr is as important as a blood culture. It is now the gold standard, and may give a quicker result.
•Gonorrhoea continues to be an important STD, with problems of increasing ________ ______
•Gonorrhoea continues to be an important STD, with problems of increasing antimicrobial resistance
Complication is newborns due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Gonococcal conjunctivitis
ophthalmia neonatorum
What are Gram negative bacilli that are uncommon but difficult to treat?
Acinetobacter and Stenotrophomonas
Salmonella spp and Shigella are examples of?
Gram negative bacilli
Bacteraemia caused by coliforms may be secondary to ______, or in the immunocompromised, by ____ _________
Bacteraemia caused by coliforms may be secondary to urosepsis, or in the immunocompromised, by gut translocation
