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Year 3 Top Tips > GP- Eyes + Ears > Flashcards

GP- Eyes + Ears Flashcards

1
Q

Red Eyes

Differentials?

A

subconjunctival haemorrhage

Viral conjunctivitis

Uveitis

Corneal abrasion

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2
Q

What is an INR

A

international normalized ratio

Most often, the prothrombin time is monitored if you are taking the blood-thinning medication warfarin. In this situation, the prothrombin time is expressed as an international normalized ratio (INR)

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3
Q

What is a subconjunctival haemorrhage?

A

Due to rupture of superficial vessel on the conjunctiva

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4
Q

Is subconjunctival harmorrhage benign or malignant?

A

benign

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5
Q

What are the predisposing factors of subconjunctival haemorrhage?

A

HTN

Coagulopathy

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6
Q

management for subconjuctival haemorrhage?

A

treat underlying cause

like uncontrolled/increased hyperternsion medicaiton

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7
Q

What is conjunctivits

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva

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8
Q

Can be conjuctivitis be viral, bacteria and fungal?

A

No

It can be allergic, viral or bacterial

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9
Q

Common causes of viral and bacterial conjuctivitis

A

Viral- adenovirus

bacterial- staph, strep, Haemophilus

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10
Q

What could be the cause of conjuctivitis in neonates?

A

Chlamydia

gonococcal

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11
Q

Difference in symptom for viral and bacterial conjuctivitis

A

Viral conjunctbits has purulent discharge

Viral cold could lead to it too

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12
Q

Symptoms/SIgns for subconjuctival haemorrahage?

A

Red eye

Little uncomfortable

no pain

feel well

HTN

The most obvious sign of a subconjunctival hemorrhage is a bright red patch on the white (sclera) of your eye. Despite its bloody appearance, a subconjunctival hemorrhage looks worse than it is and should cause no change in your vision, discharge or pai

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13
Q

Symptoms and signs of viral conjuctivitis

A

Pink or red color in the white of the eye(s)

Swelling of the conjunctiva (the thin layer that lines the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelid) and/or eyelids.

Increased tear production.

Feeling like a foreign body is in the eye(s) or an urge to rub the eye(s)

Itching, irritation, and/or burning.

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14
Q

What is Uvetitis ?

A

Uvetitis is a potentially blinding condition - 10% of people with visulal impairment in the western world

Uveitis meas nflammation at any point of the uveal tract.

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15
Q

WHat is the uveal tract?

A

THe uveal tract is the middle layer of the eye, made up of the iris, the ciliary body and the choroid which covers the eyes like a coat

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16
Q

What are the different types of uveitis?

A
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17
Q

What is classification for Uveitis

A

Uveitis may be acute, recurrent or chronic

Acute- sudden onsent of inflammation which resolves within 3 months

Recurrent - repeated episodes, separated by periods of inactvity without treatment for more than 3 months

CHronic- persistent nflammation lasting more than 3 months, in which prompt relapse (within 3 months) occurs when treatmnet is discontinured

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18
Q

Eye red flag symptoms for uveitis?

A

Eye pain

Changes in vision

Photophobia

19
Q

What would happen if a patient had eye red flag symptoms?

A

GP would refer urgently ip to hospital that day

20
Q

Managament for Uveitis ?

A
  • In hospital corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and prevent adhesion in the eye
  • A cycloplegic-mydriatic drug is also given to paralyse the ciliary body
  • this relieves pain and prevents adhesions between the iris and lens
21
Q

WHat is the name given to adhesions between the iris and lens that distort the pupil?

A

Synechae

22
Q

Signs and symptoms of uveitis

A

Eye redness.

Eye pain.

Light sensitivity.

Blurred vision.

Dark, floating spots in your field of vision (floaters)

Decreased vision.

23
Q

WHat are corneal abrasion?

A

Corneal abrasion is a defect in the corneal epithelium

24
Q

Signs and symptoms of corneal abrasions?

A

Pain.

A gritty feeling in the eye.

Tearing.

Redness.

Sensitivity to the light.

Headache.

25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Corneal epithelium has often a history of trauma/sensation of foreign body in eye

A

TURE

26
Q

Treatment for corneal abrasion?

A

-Remove any foreign body

chloramphenicol to prevent infection and development of corneal ulcer

eye patch/pain relief

corneal epithelial healing time relatbely quick (most heal within 2-3 days)

27
Q

Otitis Externa Treatment

A

Topical steroids/abx

Fungal cause- anti-fungal agents

28
Q

Earache differentials?

A

otitis externa

acute otitis media

otitis media with effusion

Cholesteatoma

29
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

infection of external auditory canal

30
Q

Otitis externa is commonly bacteroal but it can be fungal

Name some organisms that cause this?

A

Bacterial- pseudomona, staph

Fungal- aspergillus, candida

31
Q

Mx for otitis externa

A

oral abx

topoical agents work best- topical abx and steriods, acetic acid 7-14 days. Oral used if ear canal too narrow for topical agent or cellitlitis

Acetic acid and quinolones can be used iin patietns with Hx of TM perforation

Analgesia

32
Q

SIgns and symptoms of otitis externa

A

Redness of the ear canal, ear pain, draining fluids and discharge of pus are signs of swimmer’s ear (otitis externa). Untreated, the infection can spread to nearby tissue and bone. Swimmer’s ear is an infection in the outer ear canal, which runs from your eardrum to the outside of your head.

33
Q

What is otitis media?

A

infection in the middle ear

34
Q

WHat is the duration of symptoms with otitis media?

A

3-7 days

35
Q

Complications of otitis media?

A

COmplications are rare but include menngitis, mastoiditis, intracranial abscess, sinus thrombosis and facial nerve paralysis

assess for severity of infection (NICE traffic light system for assessing fever in children)

asses for risk of developing complications above (otorrhoea or age under 3 with bilateral infection)

36
Q

Tx for otitis media?

A

analgesia

consider delayes abx prescription 3/7 (amoxicillin 5-/7, clarithromycin if penicilin allergic)

37
Q

Signs and symptoms of otitis media?

A

Unusual irritability.

Difficulty sleeping or staying asleep.

Tugging or pulling at one or both ears.

Fever, especially in infants and younger children.

Fluid draining from ear(s)

Loss of balance.

Hearing difficulties.

Ear pain.

38
Q

What is otits media with effusion?

A

Otitis media with effusion (OME), also known as ‘glue ear’, is characterized by a collection of fluid within the middle ear space without signs of acute inflammation.

39
Q

What is the most common cause of hearing impairment in childhood

A

otitis media with effusion

40
Q

OME is most common in children between the ages of _ months and _ years. It presents most commonly in the _____ months.

A

OME is most common in children between the ages of 6 months and 4 years. It presents most commonly in the winter months.

41
Q

Symptoms of OME

A

Hearing difficulties.

Tugging or pulling at one or both ears.

Loss of balance.

Delayed speech development.

42
Q

WHat is cholesteatoma?

A

Cholesteatoma is an epidermoid structure showing independent growth

causes local destruction to hearing

43
Q

Complications of cholesteatoma?

A

facial nerve palsy, vertigo, intracranial abscess, meningitis

44
Q
A

Year 3 Top Tips (19 decks)

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