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Comp Exams > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Microorganisms

A

Organisms and unicellular biological entities too small to be seen by the naked eye.

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2
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

A diagram used to reflect evolutionary relationships among organisms. Scientists consider phylogenetic trees to be a hypothesis of the evolutionary past since one cannot go back to confirm the proposed relationships.

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3
Q

Thomas Cech

A

Discovered catalytic RNA molecule in protist (ribosomes)

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4
Q

RNA world

A

A stage in life to describe precellular stage in evolution of life in which RNA was capable of storing, copying, and expressing genetic information.

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5
Q

Endosymbiotic hypotheses

A

Accepted for mitochondria, chloroplasts and hydrogenosomes. One organisms lived inside the other. Maybe one lost the ability to live independently.

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6
Q

Species

A

Group of interbreeding natural populations that is reproductively isolated from other groups.

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7
Q

Strain

A

Consists of the descendants of a single, pure microbial culture. There are strains within a species. Bacteria and archae are strains because they do not reproduce sexually.

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8
Q

Carl Linaeus

A

Taxonomy. Named, identified and classifying organisms.

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9
Q

Microbiology

A

The study of microorganisms and the tools used to study them.

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10
Q

Robert Hooke

A

First drawings of microorganisms in “Micrographia”.

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11
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

Living organisms could develop from nonliving matter.

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12
Q

Robert Koch

A

Koch’s Postulates: injected mice with anthrax from ill animals proving Bacillus anthracis was the cause. Also invented nutrient broth with help of Fanny Hesse (assistants wife).

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13
Q

Richard Petri

A

Devised the petri dish.

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14
Q

Charles Chamberland

A

Chamberland’s filter is used to trap bacteria. Viruses got through suggesting that viruses were smaller.

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15
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

French chemist that played a role in fermentation, vaccines, and pasteurization.

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16
Q

Brght-field microscope

A

Used to view stained and unstained specimens. Forms a dark image against a brighter background.

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17
Q

Parfocal

A

Image should remain in focus when objective lens are changed.

18
Q

Resolution

A

Ability of a lens to distinguish between small objects that are close together.

19
Q

Refraction

A

Light passes through one medium to another. The measure of how greatly a substance slows the velocity of light is the refraction index.

20
Q

Dark-field microscope

A

Produces details images of living, unstained cells by changing the way in which they are illuminated. A dark-field stop is placed under the condenser so only the only light you see is coming from the specimen.

21
Q

Fluorescence microscope

A

Excites a specimen using a specific wavelength if lights and forms an image with the fluorescent light emitted by object.

22
Q

Confocal miscroscope

A

Useful in viewing 3D objects such as a biofilm. An aperture placed above the objective lens eliminates tray light from below and above specimen.

23
Q

Fixation

A

Process by which internal and eternal structures of specimens are preserved and fixed into position. Inactivates enzymes to not disrupt cell morphology and toughen structures so that they do not change during staining.

24
Q

Heat fixation

A

Use of heat to fixate specimen to slide. Denatures proteins.

25
Q

Chemical fixation

A

Use of chemicals to fixate specimen. Protects fine cellular substructures as well as morphology. Used for more delicate or larger specimens.

26
Q

Simple Stain

A

Single dye is used

27
Q

Negative Stain

A

Background is stained, not cell

28
Q

Differential staining

A

Using more than one dye that will distinguish organisms based on their staining properties (positive or negative). Other differential staining is used for particular structures such as capsules or endospores.

29
Q

Bacteria

A

Unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease.

30
Q

Pathogen

A

A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

31
Q

Cocci morphology and arrangement

A
  • Spherical
  • Diplococci: pairs
  • Streptococci: chains
  • Staphylococci: clusters
  • Tetrads: square
  • Sacinae: cubic configuration of 8
32
Q

Bacilli morphology and arrangement

A
  • Rods
  • Coccobacilli: short rods
  • Vibrios: comma shaped rods
33
Q

Other cell morphology and arrangement

A
  • Spirilla: shaped like helices; not flexible
  • Spirochetes: flexible helices
  • Mycelium: networks of long, multinucleate filaments
  • Pleomorphic: look like blobs; no rigid cell wall
34
Q

Functions of plasma membrane

A
  • Separation of cell from environment
  • Selectively permeable barrier
  • Metabolic processes
  • Receptor molecules
35
Q

Surface area-to-volume ratio

A

As ratio increases, the uptake of nutrients and the diffusion of these and other molecules within the cell become more efficient facilitating growth.

36
Q

Mesosomes

A
  • Function not agreed upon

- Very small internal structures

37
Q

Microbial Growth

A

Increase in cellular constituents that may result in increase in cell number or increase in cell size.

38
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Complete series of events extending from the formation of a new cell through the next division.

39
Q

Biofilm

A
  • Slime-encased microbe community
  • Can form on almost any surface
  • Made up of polymers such as proteins, glycoprotiens, polysaccharides
40
Q

Cell

A

Smallest unit that can live on its own and makes up living organisms

41
Q

Four type of cells

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Nerve
Connective

42
Q

Organ

A

Structure composed of two or more types of tissues

Comp Exams (3 decks)

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