BioChemistry Flashcards
The macromolecules
- Proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids.
- All polymers made up of monomers
Dehydration Synthesis
Subunits added together by removal of water
+ enzymes
Hydrolysis
Subunits removed by adding water (+ enzymes)
Carbohydrates
- CH2O
- Common food source
- Storage form of food source
- Structural importance
Monosaccharides
- Simple sugars
- Subunits of carbs
- can exist in linear form, but mostly rings
- Classified by how many C atoms
- Common 5-C: ribose and deoxyribose
- Common 6-C: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides
.-Two covalently bonded monosaccharides
-Common: sucrose and lactose
Polysaccharides
- Composed of multiple monosaccharides
- Common: glycogen and cellulose
Proteins
- Make up 50% of dry weight of cell
- Enzymes, movement, carriers, transporters
- Composed of amino acids
Amino acids
- 20 AA’s, but bacteria use 22
- Sides chains give each their own properties
- Have amino group, carboxyl group and side chain
Peptide Bonds
- AA’s connected by peptide bonds
- Covalent bond
- Formed by dehydration synthesis
- Proteins always made starting at the amino end
Primary Structure
-Sequence of AA’s
Secondary Structure
- Folding arrangement of the polypeptide chains
- a-helix
- B-sheet
Tertiary Structure
- Folding of secondary in specific shape
- globular and fibrous are most common
Quaternary Structure
- The level of arrangement
- Tertiary structures interacting
Nucleic Acids
- Polymers of nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bond
- DNA and RNA
Nucleotides
- P group, sugar, nitrogenous base
- the nitrogenous base is what differs
- pyrimidines: C, U, T (one ring)
- purines: A, G (two rings)
Central Dogma
- The process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product.
- Nucleus, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, protein
- Proposed by Francis Crick
Lipids
-Three kinds: true fats, phospholipids, steroids
True Fats
- FA connected (hydrophobic) to glycerol (hydrophilic)
- Long chain of hydrocarbons (CH) connected to organic acid (COOH)
- Monoglycerides: one FA
- Diglycerides: two FA
- Triglycerides (TAG): three FA
Saturated fats
- Single bonds in FA chain
- solid at room temperature due to tight packing
Unsaturated fats
- Double bonds in FA chain
- not as many H
- liquid at room temperature due to less packing
- Named by location of double bond using omega and number of carbon first bond is.
Phospholipids
- One FA tail is replaced with P group, which carries a negative charge.
- Polar head, P group, FA chain
Steroids
- Composed of four interlocked rings
- Cholesterol is more common
- Also used in manufacturing hormones
Macroelements
- Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorous
- Required in large amounts
Trace elements
Required in small amounts
Growth Factors
Some microbes are able to synthesize organic molecules from macroelements. When they cannot, these are called growth factors and are obtained from the environment.
The three growth factors
Pyrimidines/purines, amino acids, vitamins
Passive Diffusion
- Process by which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
- The rate of diffusion depends on size of gradient on either side
Producers
Plants and other photosynthetic organisms that convert light energy into chemical energy,
Consumers
Organisms that feed on producers and other consumers such as animals.
Genome
What the Entire genetic instructions of an organism inherits
Negative feedback
Accumulation of an end product slows another process.
Stimulus, sensor, control, effector
Example: body temp decreases, nerve sense decrease, hypothalamus active, shiver to warm up
Positive feedback
Some as negative except end product speeds up it’s production
Example: wound to tissue release chemicals, signal platelets activation, attract more platelets, wound clots
Natural selection
Process where organisms better adapt to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring based on the environment selecting for the propagation of certain traits.
Inductive reasoning
Derived generalizations based on large number of specific observations.
Hypothesis
Tentative answer to a well-framed question that can be tested by observations or experiments.
Deductive reasoning
Process of arson from one or more statements to reach a logical conclusion.
Theory
Broader than a hypothesis.
A system of ideas intended to explain something with massive amount of evidence.
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass
Element
Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.
118 elements
Compound
Substance containing two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.
Atom
Smallest unit of matter that still retains properties of an element.
Isotope
Different atomic form of an element.
Most common is carbon-12
Potential energy
Energy that matter posses because of its location or structure.
Energy at rest
Electronegativity
Attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.
Increases towards gases.
Chemical rxn
Making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in composition.
Polar molecule
Opposite ends of molecule have opposite charges
Cohesion
Hydrogen bonds holding a substance together
Adhesion
Clinging of substance to another
Surface tensions
measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch the surface if a liquid
Kinetic energy
Anything with motion
Steroids
Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
Cholesterol
Steroid
Component of animal cell membranes
Other steroids are synthesized from
Intercellular
located or occurring between cells
Intercellular
Inside the cell
Extracellular
Taking place outside the cell
