BioChemistry Flashcards
1
Q
The macromolecules
A
- Proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids.
- All polymers made up of monomers
2
Q
Dehydration Synthesis
A
Subunits added together by removal of water
+ enzymes
3
Q
Hydrolysis
A
Subunits removed by adding water (+ enzymes)
4
Q
Carbohydrates
A
- CH2O
- Common food source
- Storage form of food source
- Structural importance
5
Q
Monosaccharides
A
- Simple sugars
- Subunits of carbs
- can exist in linear form, but mostly rings
- Classified by how many C atoms
- Common 5-C: ribose and deoxyribose
- Common 6-C: glucose, fructose, galactose
6
Q
Disaccharides
A
.-Two covalently bonded monosaccharides
-Common: sucrose and lactose
7
Q
Polysaccharides
A
- Composed of multiple monosaccharides
- Common: glycogen and cellulose
8
Q
Proteins
A
- Make up 50% of dry weight of cell
- Enzymes, movement, carriers, transporters
- Composed of amino acids
9
Q
Amino acids
A
- 20 AA’s, but bacteria use 22
- Sides chains give each their own properties
- Have amino group, carboxyl group and side chain
10
Q
Peptide Bonds
A
- AA’s connected by peptide bonds
- Covalent bond
- Formed by dehydration synthesis
- Proteins always made starting at the amino end
11
Q
Primary Structure
A
-Sequence of AA’s
12
Q
Secondary Structure
A
- Folding arrangement of the polypeptide chains
- a-helix
- B-sheet
13
Q
Tertiary Structure
A
- Folding of secondary in specific shape
- globular and fibrous are most common
14
Q
Quaternary Structure
A
- The level of arrangement
- Tertiary structures interacting
15
Q
Nucleic Acids
A
- Polymers of nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bond
- DNA and RNA
16
Q
Nucleotides
A
- P group, sugar, nitrogenous base
- the nitrogenous base is what differs
- pyrimidines: C, U, T (one ring)
- purines: A, G (two rings)
17
Q
Central Dogma
A
- The process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product.
- Nucleus, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, protein
- Proposed by Francis Crick
18
Q
Lipids
A
-Three kinds: true fats, phospholipids, steroids
19
Q
True Fats
A
- FA connected (hydrophobic) to glycerol (hydrophilic)
- Long chain of hydrocarbons (CH) connected to organic acid (COOH)
- Monoglycerides: one FA
- Diglycerides: two FA
- Triglycerides (TAG): three FA
20
Q
Saturated fats
A
- Single bonds in FA chain
- solid at room temperature due to tight packing
21
Q
Unsaturated fats
A
- Double bonds in FA chain
- not as many H
- liquid at room temperature due to less packing
- Named by location of double bond using omega and number of carbon first bond is.
22
Q
Phospholipids
A
- One FA tail is replaced with P group, which carries a negative charge.
- Polar head, P group, FA chain
23
Q
Steroids
A
- Composed of four interlocked rings
- Cholesterol is more common
- Also used in manufacturing hormones
24
Q
Macroelements
A
- Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorous
- Required in large amounts
25
Trace elements
Required in small amounts
26
Growth Factors
Some microbes are able to synthesize organic molecules from macroelements. When they cannot, these are called growth factors and are obtained from the environment.
27
The three growth factors
Pyrimidines/purines, amino acids, vitamins
28
Passive Diffusion
- Process by which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
- The rate of diffusion depends on size of gradient on either side
29
Producers
Plants and other photosynthetic organisms that convert light energy into chemical energy,
30
Consumers
Organisms that feed on producers and other consumers such as animals.
31
Genome
What the Entire genetic instructions of an organism inherits
32
Negative feedback
Accumulation of an end product slows another process.
Stimulus, sensor, control, effector
Example: body temp decreases, nerve sense decrease, hypothalamus active, shiver to warm up
33
Positive feedback
Some as negative except end product speeds up it’s production
Example: wound to tissue release chemicals, signal platelets activation, attract more platelets, wound clots
34
Natural selection
Process where organisms better adapt to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring based on the environment selecting for the propagation of certain traits.
35
Inductive reasoning
Derived generalizations based on large number of specific observations.
36
Hypothesis
Tentative answer to a well-framed question that can be tested by observations or experiments.
37
Deductive reasoning
Process of arson from one or more statements to reach a logical conclusion.
38
Theory
Broader than a hypothesis.
| A system of ideas intended to explain something with massive amount of evidence.
39
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass
40
Element
Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.
118 elements
41
Compound
Substance containing two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.
42
Atom
Smallest unit of matter that still retains properties of an element.
43
Isotope
Different atomic form of an element.
| Most common is carbon-12
44
Potential energy
Energy that matter posses because of its location or structure.
Energy at rest
45
Electronegativity
Attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.
Increases towards gases.
46
Chemical rxn
Making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in composition.
47
Polar molecule
Opposite ends of molecule have opposite charges
48
Cohesion
Hydrogen bonds holding a substance together
49
Adhesion
Clinging of substance to another
50
Surface tensions
measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch the surface if a liquid
51
Kinetic energy
Anything with motion
52
Steroids
Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
53
Cholesterol
Steroid
Component of animal cell membranes
Other steroids are synthesized from
54
Intercellular
located or occurring between cells
55
Intercellular
Inside the cell
56
Extracellular
Taking place outside the cell
