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Microbio Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is defining the field of Microbiology difficult?

A

It includes research on several different subjects of science.

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2
Q

3 Domains of life

A

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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3
Q

3 categories in eukarya

A

Protozoa, algae, and fungi

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4
Q

The 2 classes of nomenclature that name the microbe

A

Genus and species

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5
Q

Infectious RNAs only (just nucleic acids)

A

Viroids

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6
Q

Infectious proteins

A

Prions

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7
Q

Microbes impact human culture without detection

A

10,000BCE-1660sCE
Diseases are contagious
Black death

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8
Q

Early microscopy and the origin of microbes

A

1660sCE-1880sCE
Microscopes invented
First attempts at vaccine
Handwashing
Evidence against spontaneous generation

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9
Q

Golden age of microbiology

A

1850s-1910s
Sanitation and epidemiology
antisepsis
first artificial vaccines
specific microbes cause specific disease
gram staining
viruses are proposed
unique bacterial metabolism

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10
Q

After the golden age

A

1900s-present
Biochem, genetics, medicine
molecular biology
microbial discovery
genomics and medicine

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11
Q

Made microscope and observed cells

A

Robert Hooke

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12
Q

Single lens magnifier, observed single cell microbes, father of microbiology

A

Antonie van Leeuwnhoek

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13
Q

Sterilized seal flask of meat = no bacterial growth
Bacterial fission
Biogenesis

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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14
Q

Had S curve flask
Concluded that spontaneous generation is not true

A

Louis Pasteur

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15
Q

Guy who found endospores can be killed

A

John Tyndall

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16
Q

Idea that living microbes arise spontaneously

A

Spontaneous generation

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17
Q

The development of life from preexisting life

A

Biogenesis

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18
Q

Specific disease are caused by specific microbes

A

Germ theory of disease

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19
Q

Scientific method or criteria used to determine if a specific organism causes a disease

A

Koch’s postualtes

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20
Q

Needed techniques for isolating bacteria

A

Pure cultures grown from a single colony of bacteria and gram staining

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21
Q

Significance of Jenner’s discovery

A

Used cowpox instead of human smallpox. Saw that the milkmaids had different pox than human smallpox because of their job.
This realization led to the start of preventative measures for contagious diseases

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22
Q

Discovered hand washing can prevent uterine infection post-birth

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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23
Q

Used chemical treatment of surgical instruments to prevent transmission

A

Joseph Lister

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24
Q

Identified a chemical antimicrobial drug. Also had theory of immunity

A

Paul Ehrlich

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25
Q

Our bodies make compounds to fight pathogens (antibodies)

A

Theory of Immunity

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26
Q

Discovers penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

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27
Q

Studied microbes in their natural habitats
Developed media to grow some microbes while excluding others
Discovered bacteria (lithotrophs) can use inorganic molecules

A

Sergei Winogradsky

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28
Q

Chromosome shape of bacteria

A

Circular

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29
Q

Bacteria flagellar motion and where the energy comes from

A

Rotary, proton motive force

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30
Q

Is the outer membrane of bacterial cells gram negative or positive?

A

Gram negative

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31
Q

Eukaryote chromosome shape

A

linear

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32
Q

Eukaryote flagellar motion, and what energy it uses

A

Whip-like, ATP

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33
Q

Larger cell engulfed smaller bacterial cells, became a symbiotic relationship

A

Endosymbiosis

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34
Q

Evidence for endosymbiosis

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Double membranes
Resemble bacteria in shape and size
Bacterial-like genomes
Ribosomes like prokaryotes (this is why mitochondria and chloroplasts are 70S, 50S, 30S even though they are in eukaryotes. The eukaryotic ribosome size in cytoplasm is 80S, 40S, and 60S, though).

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35
Q

Bacilli

A

Rods

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36
Q

Spirochetes

A

Long corkscrew

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37
Q

Cocci

A

Spheres

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38
Q

Vibrio

A

Commas

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39
Q

Spirilla

A

Short spirals or helical

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40
Q

Strepto

A

Linear chains

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41
Q

Diplo

A

Pairs

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42
Q

Tetrads

A

4, shaped in a square

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43
Q

Sarcinae

A

8, shaped in a cube

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44
Q

Stapylo

A

Clusters

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45
Q

What shape would streptobacilli be?

A

Linear rods

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46
Q

Layers of bacterial cell envelope (from outer to inner)

A

Lipopolysaccharide
Outer membrane
Cell wall
Periplasm
Innermembrane

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47
Q

Moves nutrients with the concentration gradient

A

passive transport

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48
Q

Diffusion across the phospholipids

A

Simple diffusion

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49
Q

Diffusion where protein channel or carrier is used

A

Facilitated diffusion

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50
Q

Moves against concentration gradient, low to high concentration. Requires energy input

A

Active transport

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51
Q

What types of molecules can easily cross the lipid bilayer?

A

Hydrophobic, small, uncharged

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52
Q

ABC transporters

A

A type of transporter used for transporting nutrients. ATP dependent (needs to hydrolyze ATP to work)

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53
Q

Influx

A

Into cell

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54
Q

Efflux

A

Out of cell

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55
Q

Group Translocation

A

Transported molecules couple with other molecules inside to hydrolyze ATP. Transported molecules get chemically transformed.

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56
Q

Uses energy directly from an existing chemical gradient

A

Coupled transport

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57
Q

Symport

A

Same direction

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58
Q

Antiport

A

Opposite directions

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59
Q

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

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60
Q

Equal concentrations inside and outside of cell

A

Isotonic

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61
Q

Higher salt concentration outside of cell, and higher water concentration inside cell. Water moves from inside cell to out

A

Hypertonic

62
Q

Low salt concentration outside of cell and low water concentration of water inside cell. Water moved from outside cell to inside

63
Q

When water leaves cell and makes it shrivel up

A

Plasmolysis

64
Q

When water enters the cell so much that is bursts

65
Q

What type of environments are most bacteria found?

66
Q

Why is salt a useful food preservative?

A

When food is salted, it shrivels up, and bacteria cannot grow.

67
Q

How do eukaryotes typically secrete proteins?

A

Exocytosis + endocytosis (endomembrane system)

68
Q

Order that exocytosis dumps molecules out of cell

A

Rough ER
Golgi
Vesicle
Outside

69
Q

Order that Endocytosis brings nutrients into the cell and then releases them

A

Cell membrane
endoscope
primary lysosome/golgi
food particles digested
products of digestion
outside

70
Q

What is peptidoglycan made of?

A

Sugar molecules (glycan chains) and amino acids (short peptides)

71
Q

What other component has similar functions as a cell wall?

A

Cytoskeleton

72
Q

How do microbial cells without cell walls adapt?

A

Live in isotonic environment

73
Q

Inhibit formation of the peptide chains (enzyme inhibitor) e.g. penicillin

A

Beta-lactams

74
Q

Human enzyme that breaks down the glycan chain. Found in sweat, tears, and saliva

75
Q

Why are lysozymes found in sweat, tears, and saliva?

A

The are present in areas that microbes can get in, so it is protection from microbes. Think of pores, eyes, mouth, anything with an entry point for microbes

76
Q

Stains purple

A

Gram positive

77
Q

Stains pink/red

A

Gram negative

78
Q

Why does gram positive stain purple?

A

Because there are several, thick layers of peptidoglycan which absorbs the purple

79
Q

Negative charge, many roles in cell division and cell morphology, adhesion, in gram positive cell

A

Teichoic acids

80
Q

Attach to cell membrane, in gram positive cell

A

Lipoteichoic acids

81
Q

Found antibodies in streptococci testing

A

Rebecca Lancefield

82
Q

Big indicator of gram negative cell wall

A

Double membrane

83
Q

Do lipoproteins attach to outermembrane in gram negative or gram positive?

A

Gram negative

84
Q

Substance between the two membranes of gram negative cell wall

85
Q

Why do you feel worse before you feel better when taking an antibiotic for a gram Negative bacteria?

A

When you kill the bacteria, they release a toxins which make you feel bad before the bacteria is completely gone

86
Q

3 components of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

A

Lipid A- endotoxin
Core polysaccharide
O polysaccharide (O antigen)

87
Q

Things that are recognized as antibodies by immune system

88
Q

Gram-positives are generally more susceptible to cell wall inhibotors. Why?

A

Their thick peptidoglycan wall is very porous and can absorbed things better

89
Q

Is the mycobacterial envelope structure closer to gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram positive

90
Q

Describe bacterial classes that do not gram-stain well and why

A

Mycobacterial envelope- Their waxy phenolic glycolipids are hard for stain to penetrate

91
Q

Why are mycobacterium hard to treat/take a while to get rid of?

A

Waxy phenolic glycolipids are hard for antibiotics to penetrate

92
Q

How do we ID mycobacterium

A

Acid-fast staining (mycolic acid)

93
Q

Two big human pathogens that are mycobacterium (think of hard to get rid of diseases)

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)

94
Q

Term for many shapes

A

Pleomorphic

95
Q

If mycoplasma lack a cell wall, what do they have?

A

Only cell membrane, not peptidoglycan or outer membrane

96
Q

Sheets of protein or glycoprotein lattice outside the peptidoglycan in some bacteria. Helps strengthen cell wall and can be virulence factor for pathogens

97
Q

Archaea cell walls

A

S-layers
Pseudomurein
Protein sheaths
Methanochondroitin

98
Q

Algae cell walls

A

Polysaccharides(cellulose or pectins)
Sometimes silica or calcium

99
Q

Fungi cell walls

A

Polysaccharides (often chitin) and glycoproteins

100
Q

DNA that is supercoiled and organized into loops

A

Bacterial DNA

101
Q

DNA that is organized into chromatin

A

Eukaryotic DNA

102
Q

How many membranes does a eukaryotic cell NUCLEUS have?

103
Q

Platforms for protein synthesis (translation)

104
Q

Prokaryotic sedimentation values

A

70S=50S+30S

105
Q

Eukaryotic sedimentation values

A

80S=60S+40S

106
Q

Ability to attach to a substrate/surface

107
Q

Allow attachment to happen, attaches to cell membrane and sticks out

108
Q

Short attachment pili

109
Q

DNA transfer between cells

A

Conjugation (sex) pilus

110
Q

Something that contributes to a microbe’s degree of pathogenicity

A

Virulence factor

111
Q

Membranous extensions of cytoplasm, secrete adhesion factors(holdfasts)

112
Q

Moving toward or away from light

A

Phototaxis

113
Q

Moving toward or away from a chemical signal(can be beneficial or harmful)

A

Chemotaxis

114
Q

Polar Flagellum

A

On one or both ends

115
Q

Peritrichous Flagellum

A

Scattered all over cell

116
Q

Direction that moves cell toward attractant

A

Counterclockwise

117
Q

Direction that moves cell away from attractant

118
Q

Random bias walk

A

cell tumbles from direction to direction until it finds the right direction

119
Q

Sugar shell made mostly of polysaccharides

A

Glycocalyx

120
Q

Neatly organized, firmly attached

121
Q

Unorganized, soft, loose

A

Slime layer

122
Q

Specialized membranes are often

A

Phototrophs

123
Q

Aquatic bacteria inflate/deflate for buoyancy

A

Gas vesicles

124
Q

Storage of nutrients

A

Storage granules

125
Q

Store magnetite (iron oxides) for magnetotaxis

A

Magnetosomes

126
Q

Aggregates in the cytoplasm, often proteins

A

inclusions

127
Q

Central catabolism can be completed by either…

A

Respiration or fermentation

128
Q

Input and output of Glycolysis

A

Input: 1 Glucose
2 ATP
Output: 4 ATP (net 2)
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate

129
Q

Is there carbon loss in glycolysis?

130
Q

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway net gains

A

2 pyruvate
1 ATP
1 NADH
1 NADPH

131
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway net gains

A

Intermediates for biosynthesis
1 ATP
2 NADPH

132
Q

Light energy is absorbed to make high-energy molecules that donate electrons to acceptor

A

Phototrophy

133
Q

High-energy food molecules that donate electrons to acceptor

A

Chemotrophy

134
Q

Final electron acceptor is oxygen

135
Q

Final electron acceptor is NOT oxygen

136
Q

Is anaerobic or aerobic more efficient

A

Aerobic, makes more ATP

137
Q

Breaking reactions, energy released overall (- delta G)

A

Catabolism

138
Q

Building reactions, energy consumed (+ delta G)

139
Q

Biological catalysts that speed up reactions without being changed

140
Q

End-product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the activity of an enzyme used in that pathway

A

Feedback regulation

141
Q

The benefits of multi-step pathways

A

Better regulation and specificity, and an intermediate for one step can be an intermediate for another

142
Q

Intermediate in catabolism directly provides energy (and phosphate) to ADP

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

143
Q

Oxidation (breakdown) of nutrients creates proton motive force, which drives ATP synthase(respiration)

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

144
Q

Light energy creates a proton motive force, which drives ATP synthase

A

Photophosphorylation

145
Q

Common electron carriers

A

ATP and NADH

146
Q

Series of oxidoreductase enzymes

A

Electron transport chains

147
Q

Can use this process when the final electron acceptor for respiration isn’t available or the organism lacks part of Krebs or ETC

A

Fermentation

148
Q

Goal of Fermentation

A

To regenerate NAD+ to go back to glycolysis input to keep glycolysis going

149
Q

1 step, lactic acid is reduced

A

Lactic acid fermentation

150
Q

2 steps, pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde, which is then reduced to ethanol

A

Ethanol fermentation

151
Q

Why are there bubbles in beer?

A

Ethanol fermentation; CO2 is released in the first step

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