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Microbio Flashcards

1
Q

What does lipoteichoic acid induce?

A

TNF and IL-1

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2
Q

What does lipid A induce?

A

TNF and IL-1

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3
Q

What is the periplasm?

A

Space between the outer membrane and the cell wall of gram - organisms
- Contains hydrolytic enzymes (i.e. B lactamases

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4
Q

What is the function of pili/fimbrae?

A

Bacterial adhesion

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5
Q

What is the function of a flagellum?

A

Motility

Listeria have these

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6
Q

What type of capsule does B. anthracis have?

A

D-glutamate

- Different because it’s an AA instead of a polysacharide backbone

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7
Q

What is a glycocalyx?

A

It mediates adherence to surfaces as well, contributes to the formation of biofilms

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8
Q

What is unique to gram neg organisms?

A 
Porins (in outer membrane)
Endotoxin (LPS in outer membrane)
Periplasmic space (b lactamases
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9
Q

What is unique to gram pos organisms?

A

Lipoteichioc acid

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10
Q

What is common to both g- and +?

A 
Flagellum
Pilae
Capsule
Cell wall
Peptidoglycan
Cytoplasmic membrane (where oxidative phosphoryation occurs
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11
Q

Gram - cocci?

A 
Moraxella catarrhalis (walking pneumo)
Neisseria (meningitis, gonorrhea)
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12
Q

What are G + rods?

A 
Bacillus
Clostridium
Corynebacterium (painful chancre, ducrei)
Gardnerella (bac vaginosis)
Lactobacillus
Listeria (baby meningitis)
Mycobac
Propionibacterium
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13
Q

What are G- rods?

A 
Enterics
E. coli
Klebsiella
Campylobacter
 Bacteroides
Enterobacter
Helicobacter
Proteus
Salmonella
Serratia
Shigella
Vibrio
Yersinia

Resp:
Bordetella
Haemophilus
Legionella (silver)

Zoonotic
Bartonella
Brucella
Francisella
Pastuerella
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14
Q

What are branching filamentous?

A

Actinomycetes (Gram +)

Nocardia (acid fast) Gram +

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15
Q

What are pleomorphic gram -?

A

Chlamydia

Rickettsia

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16
Q

What are gram - spirochetes?

A

Treponema
Leptospira
Borrelia

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17
Q

What has no cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma

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18
Q

How do you view treponema?

A

Dark Field microscopy

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19
Q

These Microbes May Lack Real Color

A 
Treponema
Mycobac
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Rickettsia (intracellular)
Chlamydia (intracellular, low muramic acid)
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20
Q

What bugs need Giesma stain?

A 
Certain Bugs Really Try Patience
Chlamydia
Borrelia
Rickettsia
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
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21
Q

Which bugs need PaS stain?

A

Stains glycogen
WHIPPLE Disease
Tropheyrma whipplei

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22
Q

What bugs need Ziel-neelsen stain?

A 
Acid Fast (nocardia, mycobac)
Parasite (cryptosporidium)
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23
Q

What stains with India ink?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans (mucicarmine also)

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24
Q

What needs a silver stain?

A

Fungi (pneunocystis)
Legionella
Helicobacter pylori

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25
Q

What media does H. influ need?

A

Chocolate Agar (needs niacin Factor V and Factor X (hematin)

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26
Q

What does N. gono and N. menigi need to grow?

A 
Thayer-Martin
Has: Vanc (inhibit G+)
- Trimethoprim
- Colistin (inhibit all G- except N.)
Nystatin (inhibit fungi)
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27
Q

What does B. pertussi grow on?

A

Bordet-Gengou (potato)

Regan-Lowe medium (charcoal, blood, Ab)

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28
Q

What does C. diptheria grow on?

A

Tellurite agar

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29
Q

What does Myco tuber

A

Lowenstein - Jensen

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30
Q

What does Myco pneumoniae?

A

Eaton agar

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31
Q

What do lactose-fermenting enterics grow on?

A

MacConkey

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32
Q

What does legionella grow on?

A

Charcoal yeast extract

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33
Q

What do Fungi grow on?

A

Sabourand agar

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34
Q

What bugs are aerobes?

A

Nocardia
Pseudomonas
MycoBacterium

Why reactivation of Tb goes to apices of lung

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35
Q

What are some anaerobes?

A

Fusobacterium
Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces

Frankly Can’t Breathe Air

AminOglycosides ineffective because need O2 to activate

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36
Q

What are obligate intracellular organisms?

A

Chlamydia
Rickettisa
Coxiella

Really Chilly and COld (need host ATP)

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37
Q

Which bugs are facultative intracelluar?

A 
Some Nasty Bugs May Live Facultatively
Salmoella
Neisseria
Brucella
Mycobac
Listeria
Franciella
Legionella
Yersinia pestis
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38
Q

What are encapsulated bacteria?

A 
SHiNE SKiS
Strep pneumo
H. influe
Neisseria
E. coli
Salomonella
Klebsiella
Group B Strep

Capsule is Antiphagocytic Virulence factor
Asplenics hae higher risk of infection with these gbugs

Needs S. pneumo, Hib, N. menin vaccines in these patients

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39
Q

What is the way you can give a capulse vaccine?

A

Attach it to a protein because normally immune reponse do not activate to polysaccharides

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40
Q

What is the pneumococcal vaccine?

A

PCV (prevnar), conjugate vaccine)

PPSV (Pneumovax), no conjugated protein

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41
Q

What is the H. flu vaccine?

A

Conjugate vaccine

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42
Q

What is the meningococcal vaccine?

A

Conjugate vaccine

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43
Q

What are urease positive bugs?

A 
CHuck Norris hates PUNKSS
Cryptococcus
H. pylori
Proteus
Ureaplasma
Nocardia
Klebsiella
S. epidermids
S. saprophyticus
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44
Q

What are catalase-positive bugs?

A 
Cats Need PLACESS
Catalase degrades H2O2
People with chronic granulomatous disease (NADPH oxidase def get reccurrent infections from these guys)
Nocarida
Pseudomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
E. coli
Staph
Serratia
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45
Q

What pigment is actionomyces?

A

Yellow granules (filaments of bac)

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46
Q

What color is S. auerus?

A

Yellow pigment

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47
Q

What is pseudomonas?

A

Green

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48
Q

Serratia marcescens produces which color?

A

Red pigment

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49
Q

What does the virulence factor Protein A do?

A

Binds Fc region of IgG to prevent opsonization

S. aureus

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50
Q

What does IgA protease do?

A 
It cleaves IgA
Allows colonizing of resp epithelium
SHiN
Strep pneumo
H. influ
Neisseria
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51
Q

What does the M protein do?

A

Prevents phagocytosis
All encapuslated bac
Molecular mimicry (might be why Strep A causes Rheumatic fever)

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52
Q

What is the Type III secretion system?

A 
Injectisome
Needle like appendage that aids in delivery of endotoxin from Gram negative bac
Pseudomonas
Salmonella
E. coli
Shigella
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53
Q

What is the mode of action for endotoxins?

A

Induce IL-1, TNF, IL-6 (akute phase reactants)

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54
Q

How do you vaccinate against exotoxins?

A

Toxoids

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55
Q

Are exotoxins or endotoxins stable at high heat?

A

Endotoxins (stable at 100C) whereas exotoxins get degraded at 60C

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56
Q

What are diseases seen by exotoxins?

A

Botulism
Tetanus
Diphtheria

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57
Q

What diseases are seen by endotoxins?

A

Gram neg sepsis

Meningococcemia

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58
Q

What do pseudomonas and corynebacterium diptheriae have in common?

A

Their toxin mechanism

Inactivates Elongation Factor 2

Pseudomonas (cell death)
Coryne (pharyngitis with pseudomembranous in throat and severe lyphadenopathy

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59
Q

What does shigella and e.coli have in common?

A

Exotoxin function

Inactivates 60S ribosome by removing ADENINE from rRNA
Shigella (gI mucosal damage: dysentery, Enhanced cytokine release that causes hemolytic uremic syndrome

E.coli (enhances cytokine release causing HUS but DOES NOT INVADE HOST LIKE SHIGELLA

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60
Q

What exotoxins increase fluid secretion?

A 
ETEC (heat labile and stable)
Edema toxin (Bacillus anthracis)
Cholera toxin (vibrio cholera)
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61
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Heat labile and Heat stable toxin in ETEC?

A

Labile (overactivates adenylate cyclase (increase Cl and H20 secretion in Guy) (labile in Air (adenylate cyclase)

Stable (stable in ground Gmp
- Overactivates guanyl cyclase (increase cGMP to decrease resorption of NaCL and H20

Both lead to watery diarrhea

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62
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Edema toxin by bacillus antharcis?

A

Mimics Adenylate cyclase (increase cAMP

-Edematous borders seen in black eschar of cutaneous anthrax

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63
Q

What mechanisms does cholera toxin use?

A

Overactivates adenylate cyclase by permanently activating G2
- Increase Cl and H20 secretion
Voluminous rice water diarrhea

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64
Q

How does bordetella pertussis toxin work?

A

It overactivates adenylate cyclase by DISAbLIng Gs
- Inhibits phagocytosis

Get whooping cough

65
Q

What is the mechanism of action of clotridium tetani?

A

Inhibit release of neurotransmitter

  • Tetasnospasmin
  • Proteases that cleave SNARES

Spasiticity, risus sardonicus
Lockjaw

Toxin inhibits release of inhibitory (GABA and GLYCINE0 Nts from Renshaw cells in spinal cord

66
Q

What is the mechanisms of clostridium botulism?

A

Prevents cleavage of SNARES

Flaccid Paralysis (floppy bby)

Prevents release of stimulatory NTs (ACh) at NMJ resulting in flaccid paralysis

67
Q

What is the mechanism of exotoxins produced by clostridium perfringens?

A

Alpha Toxin
Phospho lipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes

Myonecrosis (Gas gangrene) and hemolysis (double zone of hemolysis on blood agar)

68
Q

What is the exotoxin produced by strep pyogenes?

A

Streptolysin O
Protein that degrades cell membrane

Lyses Rbcs and contributes to B hemolysis

Host abs against ASO used to diagnose Rh fever

69
Q

How do super antigens work?

A 
Staph (TSST
Strep A (exotoxin A)

Bind MHC II and TCR to cause overwhelming release of IL-1, Il-2, INF-y, and TNF-a causes shock

70
Q

What are the symptoms of toxic shock?

A

Fever, Rash, Shock

Scalded skin caused by exofoliative toxin
Food poisoning caused by enterotoxin

71
Q

How does endotoxin cause problems?

A 
ENDOTOXIN
Edema
Nitric oxide
DIC/Death
Outer membrane
TNF-a
O-antigen
eXtremely heat stable
IL-1
Neutrophil chemotaxis
72
Q

What is bacterial transformation?

A

The uptake of naked Bac DNA in the environment that may have been released by dying bacteria

If lyase is added to the medium no transformation is seen

73
Q

What is Conjugation?

A

FxF: F plasmid requires sex pilus and conjugation F- are bac that don’t have plasmid

NO TRANSFER OF CHROMOSOMAL DNA ONLY PLASMID

HFrxF-: A plasmid that has been incorporated into bac DNA, may contain some flanking chromosomal DNA so transfer of plasmid brings SOME TRANSFER OF CHROMOSOMAL DNA

74
Q

What is transposition?

A

Segement of DNA that can jump from one location to another

Plasmid to Chromosome and vice versa

how VanA gene from Enterococcus gets into S. auerus

75
Q

What is transduction?

A

Generalized: Lytic phage infects bac and parts of bac DNA packaged into new phages, these phages infect another bac and transform them into something new

Specialized: Excision event, viral DNA incorporates into bac chromosome, phage DNA pulls bac DNA with it and infects another bacteria to give it those traits

  • ABCDE
  • ShigA toxin
  • Botulism
  • Cholera
  • Diphtheria
  • Erthryogenic toxin of Strep Pyogenes
76
Q

What are some beta hemolytic bacteria?

A

Listeria
S. aurues
S. agalatciate
S. Pyogenes

77
Q

What is the most serious complication of s. epidermidis?

A

Biofilms (adherence to prosthetic devices)

78
Q

What is the second most common cause of women UTI?

A

S. saprophyticus

Novobiocin resistance

79
Q

What is the most common cause of otitis media, meningitis, penumonia, and sinutitus?

A

S. pneumo
Optochin sensitive

Associated with rusty sputum
Sepsis in sickle cell disease (splenectomy

Lancet shaped (encapsulated) IgA protease (SHiN)

80
Q

What causes endocarditis at damaged heart valves?

A

S. sanguinis (a viridans group strep)
optochin resistant
Makes dextrans which bind fibrin-platelet aggregates

81
Q

What does group A strep cause?

A

Pyogenic (pharyngitis, cellulits, impetigo, eryspielase

Toxigenic: Scarlet fever, toxic shock, necrotizing fascitis

Immunologic: Rhe fever, acute glomerulnephritis

Antibodies to M protein give protection but may lead to Rh fever

Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (pYR) +

JONES criteria (Joints, heart carditis, Nodules, erthema marginatum, syndeham chorea)

Impetigo precedes glomerulonephritis

82
Q

What is Scarlet Fever?

A 
Scarlet rash
Sandpaper like texture
Strawberry tongue
Cirumoral pallor
Subsequent desquammation
83
Q

What does group B strep cause?

A

Colonizes the vagina so women must be screened cause can cause:

  • Meningitis
  • Sepsis
  • Pneumonia in babies

Produces CAMP factor which enlarges hemolysis formed by S. auerus
Hippurate test +

Give penicillin as prophylaxis to mothers if they screen positive for this bug

84
Q

What is special about enterococcus (group D strep)

A

Penicillin G resistant
Cause UTI,, biliary tract infections, subacute endocarditis after GI/GU procedure
They grow on bile and NaCL

85
Q

What is lancefield group testing?

A

Differences in C Carbohydrates on bac cell wall

86
Q

What are very important nosocomial infections with enterococcus?

A

Vanc Reistant enterococcus

Can transfer there stuff to S. aueerus

87
Q

What is special about S. bovis?

A

Associated with colon cancer

Can also cause bacteremia and subacute endocarditis

88
Q

What is diptheria toxin encoded by?

A

B prophage

89
Q

What does diptheria toxin do?

A

Inactivates EF2 inhibiting protein synthesis

Leads to pseudomembranous pharyngitis (grayish white membrane)
Lymphadenopathy
Myocarditis
and Arrhythmias

90
Q

How do you diagnosis Diphteria?

A

Gram positive rods
Metachromic granules (blue and red)
Positive Elek test for toxin

TOXOID VACCINE (because exotoxin)

ABCDEFG
ADP ribosylation
B prophage
Corynebacterium
Diptheriaie
Elongfation Factor 2
Granules (metochromatic)
91
Q

What bacteria have spores?

A

Clostridium, Bacillus, Coxiella
C. difficile (Ab associated colitis)
C. botulism (Botulism, inhibit SNARE for Ach)
C. Tetanus (Tetanus, inhibit SNARE for glycin and GABA)
C. perfrigens (Gas gangrene) phosholipase

B. cereus (food poisoning)
B. antrhacis (anthrax, mimics Adenylate cyclase)

92
Q

How to you treat tetanus?

A

Prevent with tetanus vaccine
Treat: Antitoxin +/- vaccine booster
- Diazepam for muscle spasms

93
Q

How do you treat botulism?

A

Preformed toxin

Treat with antitoxin

94
Q

How does C. difficle work?

A

Produces Toxin A, enterotoxin that binds to brush border

Toxin B causes cytoskeletal disruption via ACTIN depolymerization (pseudomembranous colitis)

Due to Ab use: Clindamycin or ampicillin

Treatment: Metronidazole or Oral Vanc

REcurrent: treat with fecal transplant or FIDAXOMICIN

95
Q

What is the difference between cutaneous and pulmonary anthrax?

A

Cutatneous: painless papule that ulcers with black eschar (painless, necrotic)

Pulm: Flu-like that rapidly progress to fever, pulm hemorrhage, mediastinitis, and shock

96
Q

What causes food poisoning in reheated rice?

A

B. cereus
Emetic type N/V within 1-5 hours
Caused by CEREULIDE, preformed toxin

Diarheal: Watery non bloody with GI pain within 8-18 hours

97
Q

What are ways to listeria?

A

Unpasteurized milk products
Cold deli meats
Transplacental
Vaginal transmission

98
Q

What do you look for in micro of listeria?

A 
Rocket tails (actin polymerization)
Tumbling motility
Only Gram positive to produce endotoxin
99
Q

What is the only gram positive bac to produce endotoxin?

A

Listeria

100
Q

What disease does listeria cause?

A 
Amnionits
Sepsis
SPonstaneous abortion
Granulomatosis infantiseptica
Neonatal meningitis
Meningitis in IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
Mild gastroenteritis
101
Q

How do you treat listeral?

A

Ampicillin in infants, immunocompromised, and elderly

102
Q

HOw do you treat actinomycets?

A

Penicillin

103
Q

How do you treat nocardia?

A

Sulfonamides

104
Q

What disease does nocardia cause?

A

Pulmonary infection in immunocompromised and cutaneous infection after trauma

105
Q

What does actinomyces cause?

A

Oral/facial abscess drain through sinuses

Forms yellow fsulfur granules

106
Q

What is POTT disease?

A

Disseminated TB to the vertebrate

107
Q

What causes a false positive TB test?

A

BCG vaccination

108
Q

What is the test to do that has fewer false positives in TB?

A

Interferon gamma release assay

109
Q

What do mycobacterium release?

A

Cord factor in virulent strains

Inhibits macrphage maturation and induces release of TNF alpha

110
Q

What is special about M. Avium?

A

Causes disseminated non-Tb disease in AIDS patients CD

111
Q

What does M. marinum cause?

A

Hand infection in aquarium

112
Q

What causes leprosy?

A

M. Leprae (only likes cool temperatures

Glove and stocking sensation

113
Q

What are the two forms of leprosy?

A

Lepromatous: diffusely over skin (lion like facies) and in communicable

Tuberculoid: limited to a few hypoesthetic hariless skin plaques
- High cell mediated immunity with Th1 type immune response

114
Q

How do you treat leprosy?

A

Dapsone and rfampin (tuberculoid form)

Clofazimine added in Lepromatous form

115
Q

What grows on Macconkee?

A 
Citrobacter
Klebsiella
E. coli
Enterobacter
Serratia (weak fermente)
116
Q

What is special about e coli on EMB agar?

A

E. coli grows colonies with a green sheen on purple and black

117
Q

Where a N. gonorrhea found?

A

Often intracellular (within PMNs)

118
Q

What does N. meningitis ferment?

A

Maltose and glucose

119
Q

HWat does N. Gono ferment?

A

Just glucose

120
Q

What causes Fitz-High curtis syndrome?

A

N. Gono

121
Q

What prenvents neonatal transmission?

A

Erthyomycin (macrolide)

122
Q

What is treatment of Gonococci?

A

Ceftriazone and azithromycin/doxycycline (possilbe C. trachnomis infection)

123
Q

What is given to people who have had close contact to patients with N. meningitidis?

A

Rifampin
Ciprofloxacin
Ceftriaxone

124
Q

How do you treat N menin?

A

Ceftriaxone and Penicillin G

125
Q

How does H. influe grow with S. auerus?

A

S. auerus breaks open RBCs to allow factor V to be given to H. flue

126
Q

What does H. Flu cause?

A

Epiglottis
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia

127
Q

What is given to close contacts of people with H. flue?

A

Rifampin

128
Q

How do you treat H. Influe meningitis?

A

Ceftriaxone

129
Q

What causes pontiac fever?

A

Legionella

130
Q

How do you treat Legionella?

A

Macrolid or quinolone

131
Q

What does Pseudomonas cause?

A 
PSEDUO
Pneumonia
Sepsis
Otitis externa
Drug use (associated
UTIs
Diabetes (associated)
Osteomyelti
132
Q

What do you give for multidrug resistant Pseudo?

A

Colistin and polymyxin B

133
Q

What causes Ecthyma gangrenosum?

A

Pseuodmonas seen in Immunocompromised people

134
Q

What do you think of for pseudomonas?

A

Burn victim

135
Q

What causes hot tub folliculitis?

A

Pseudomonas

136
Q

What are ecoli virulence factors for cystitis?

A

Fimbrae

137
Q

What are e coli virulence factors for Pneumonia, meningtis in babies?

A

K capsule

138
Q

What are e coli virulence factors for septic shock?

A

LPS

139
Q

What is HUS and what causes it?

A

Hus is hemolytic uremic syndrome?

  • Schistocytes
  • Low platelets
  • Low renal blood flow
  • Anemia
  • Thrombocytopenia

Shiga like toxin and Shiga toxin

140
Q

What distinguishes EHEC from the others?

A

Does not ferment sorbitol

141
Q

What are the immune responses to Salm typhi?

A

Mononuclear

Oppsed to salmonella and shigella which are PMNS

142
Q

Which one has a vaccine, shigella, salmonella, or S. typhie?

A

S. typhi
Live attenuated
IM contains (Vi capsular polysaccharide)

143
Q

How do antibitoics affect salmonella?

A

Prolongs duration of disease (don’t give it0

144
Q

How does shigella disemminate?

A

Cell to cell

Salmonella swim in teh Blood

145
Q

How is campy spread?

A

Unpastuerized milk
Poultry
Meat
Infected animals

146
Q

What are the spirochets?

A

Leptospira
Treponema
Borrelia

147
Q

How can borrelia be seen?

A

Aniline dyes only

148
Q

Where is leptospira found?

A

With animal urine water

Leptospirosis

149
Q

What is leptospirosis?

A 
Flu like illness
Myalgias (calves
jaundice
photopobia
Conjuncitival suffsion

Surfers in tropics

150
Q

What is Weil disease?

A 
Icterohemorrhage leptospirosis
Severe leptosprisosis
Kidney dysfunction also liver
fevere
hemorrhage
anemia
151
Q

What diseases cause rash on palms and soles?

A

CARS
Coxsacie A virus
Rickettisa
Syphylis Secondary

152
Q

What is special about typhus?

A

R. typhus

Rash starts on trunk then spreads, but not to hands or feats

153
Q

How do you diagnose ehrlichiosis?

A

Monocytes with berry like inclusion (lone star tick)

154
Q

HOw do you diagnose anaplasmosis?

A

Granuolcytes with morulae in cytoplasm

155
Q

How do you diagnose Q fever?

A

Penoumoaie
MOst common culture nega endocarditis

Coxiella burnetti (spores inhaled through aerosols

156
Q

What bugs produce exotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Corynebacterium (EF 2)
Pseudomonas (EF-2)
Shigella (60s removes adenine from RNA)
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (60S removes adenine from RNA)

157
Q

What bugs produce exotoxin that increase fluid excretion?

A

Vibrio cholerae (stimulates adenylate cyclase by permanently activating it)

Bacillus anthracis (Mimics adenylate cyclase)

ETEC (labile (activate cAMP)
(stabile (activate cGMP)

158
Q

Which bugs produce exotoxin that inhibit phagocytic ability?

A

Bordetella pertussis

Overactivates cAMP by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis

159
Q

Which bugs produce exotoxin that inhibit release of neurotransmitters?

A

C. Tetani (prevent release of glycin and GABA)

C. botulinum (prevent release of ACh)

STEP (10 decks)

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