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Microbiology > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of the chemical reactions in an organism

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2
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Provides energy and building blocks for anabolism. Breakdown of ATP. Exergonic

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3
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules. Build up of ATP. Endergonic

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4
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate.
Universal energy storage molecule, all life uses ATP. Hydrolysed to drive reactions - all organisms
Structure is a ribose, adenosine and 3 inorganic phosphates

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5
Q

Explain the role of ATP as an energy source.

A
  1. Simple molecules are built into complex molecules at the cost of ATP hydrolysis. It costs energy to build big molecules.
  2. Complex and simple molecules such as starches are oxidised and in doing so are able to generate ATP from ADP + Pi
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6
Q

NAD undergoes reversible reduction to NADH. Describe how this happens.

A

The reduction of an electron carrier, nad+ to nadh, is the main player along with ATP in metabolic reactions.
It can deliver protons and electrons in such a way that ATP is made
Nad becomes an immediate electron carrier in the breakdown of glucose.
Final acceptor in reactions is O2 - energy released by oxidation of glucose to CO2 -and H2O is harnessed to make ATP

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7
Q

What is the ATP yield summary?

A
  1. NADH drives formation of 3 atp by electron transport processes.
  2. Fadh2 is also an electron carrier similar to NADH
  3. The nadh can only be converted at ‘tis 1nadh to 3 atp ratio when o2 is present which means during respiration
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8
Q

How is ATP an intermediate between catabolism and anabolism?

A

Catabolic reactions provide building blocks for anabolic reactions and furnish the energy needed to drive anabolic reactions.

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9
Q

What is the basic reaction of glycolysis?

A

Oxidation of glucose to pyruvate. With production of ATP 2x and NADH

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10
Q

What is the basic reaction of the Krebs cycle?

A

Oxidation of acetyl coA to CO2, ATP, NADH and FADH2

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11
Q

What is the basic reaction of the ETC?

A

NAHH and FADH2 are oxidised and used for ATP generation

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12
Q

What is the overall reaction for energy?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 will make 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP

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13
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs where in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

P - plasma membrane

E - inner mitochondrial membrane

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14
Q

Which molecules are oxidised by glycolysis?

A

Glucose

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15
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2x pyruvates

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16
Q

Which molecule is oxidised by the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA

17
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

A

6 NADH
2 FADH
2 ATP equivalents

18
Q

Describe the chemiosmotic model for ATP generation.

A

The energy released when proton/electron moves along a gradient used to synthesise ATP.
The build up of protons provides energy and a concentration gradient that the chemiosmotic m chains uses to generate ATP movement of ions across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration, down the electrochemical gradient, this yields energy through ATP ase making ATP

19
Q

Which electron carrier molecule delivers electrons and protons to the ETC?

A

NAD+

20
Q

What is the common name for the intermediate electron carriers?

A

Cytochromes

21
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that uses the PH gradient to make ATP from ADP and Pi

A

ATP synthase

22
Q

Where does the ETC occur in eukaryotes?

A

Inner membrane of the mitochondria

23
Q

Where does the ETC occur in prokaryotes?

A

Plasma membrane

24
Q

NADH drives the formation of how many ATP by ETC processes?

A

3 ATP
Therefore 1 NADH =3 ATP.
Only can occur when Oxygen is present - respiration

25
Q

FADH2 drives the formation of how many ATP by ETC processes?

A

2 ATP.

Therefore 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

26
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

A

Molecular oxygen

27
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

A

Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycle operates under anaerobic conditions
Acceptors could be - nitrate in, sulfate or carbonate

28
Q

What are the 3 main definitions of fermentation?

A
  1. Any spoilage of food by microorganisms.
  2. Any process that produces alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products
  3. Any large scale microbial process occurring with or without air
29
Q

What is the scientific definition of fermentation?

A

Release of energy from oxidation or organic molecules
Donets require energy
Doesn’t use the Krebs cycle or ETC
Uses organic molecules as the final electron acceptor

30
Q

Give a quick overview of fermentation

A

Fermentation occurs when no oxygen is available, cuts of Krebs and the ETC and NADH needs to be recycled back to NAD+.
NADH is passed onto amolcuke of some sort, recycles NADH and NAD+ with a small amount of ATP produced and excretion of an organic molecule

31
Q

What is alcohol fermentation?

A

Produces ethanol and CO2

32
Q

What is the product of lactic acid fermentation?

A

Lactic acid

33
Q

What are the 2 variations of lactic acid fermentation?

A

Homolactic fermentation - lactic acid only

Heterolactic fermentation - lactic acid and other compounds

34
Q

What are the 4 main nutritional patterns of microbes?

A

Photoautotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
Chemoheterotrophs

35
Q

Describes photoautotrophs

A 
Energy source - light
Carbon source - CO2
Oxygenic - Cyanobacteria, plants
Anoxygenic - green bacteria, purple bacteria
Produces O2
36
Q

Describe photoheterotrophs

A

Energy source - light
Carbon source - organic compounds
E.g. Green bacteria, purple nonsulfur bacteria
Doesn’t produce O2

37
Q

Describe chemoautotrophs

A

Energy source - chemical
Carbon source - CO2
E.g. Iron oxidising bacteria

38
Q

Describe chemoheterotrophs

A

Energy source - chemical
Carbon source - organic compounds
E.g. Fermentative bacteria - animals, Protozoa, fungi, bacteria

Microbiology (6 decks)

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