Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the plasma membrane?

A

Is a phospholipid bilayer. Purpose is similar in eukarya and prokaryotes. Selective barrier through which materials exit and enter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the cytoplasm.

A

Includes everything inside the plasma membrane with the exception of the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the generic eukaryotic cell

A 
Flagellum
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Nucleolus 
Plasma membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the generic prokaryotic cell

A 
Ribosomes
Fimbria
Nucleoid 
Cytoplasm
Flagellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the cell structure of the prokaryote

A 
One circular chromosome, not in a membrane
No histones
No organelles
Peptidoglycan walls is bacteria
Pseudomurin cell walls if archaea
Binary fission
Ribosomes size 70s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the cell structure of the eukaryote

A 
Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
Histones
Organelles
Polysaccharide cell walls if plants
Chintinous cell walls if fungi
Mitotic spindle/ mitosis/ meiosis
Ribosomes size 80s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the average size of prokaryotic cells?

A

0.2 - 1.0 um to 2 - 8 um in length
Most bacteria are monomorphic (one shaped)
A few are pleomorphic (many shaped)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 names for bacterial shapes?

A
  1. Bacillus (rod shaped)
  2. Coccus (spherical)
  3. Spiral, which can be vibrio with one bend, spirillum with 2 bends or spirochete with multiple bends
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some of the cell arrangements for bacteria?

A

Pairs - diplococci (round) or diplobacilli (rods)
Clusters - staphylococci. Clusters of spherical cells
Chains. Streptococci (chains of spherical cells) or streptobacilli (chains of rod shaped cells)
Tetrads (4’s)
Sarcinae (8’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the structure and function of the glycocalyx

A

Outside cell wall - sticky slime layer, unorganised and loose.
Capsule - neatly organised.
Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach
Capsules prevent phagocytosis - evading immune systems macrophages
E.g plaque on teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the structure of prokaryotic flagellum.

A 
Rotates
Outside cell wall
Made of chains of protein - flagellin 
Attached to a protein hook
Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 types of bacteria flagella arrangements?

A
  1. Peritrichous - around, all over the cell
  2. Monotrichous and polar - being one flagella. Polar being one or at both ends
  3. Lophotrichous - a tuft of flagella. May be polar as well. Either at one or both ends.
  4. Amphitrichous - at both ends or polar.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are axial filaments?

A

Bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell. Also called endoflagella
They are in spirochetes
Anchored at one end of a cell.
Rotation causes cell to move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Generally many small projections not visible under light microscopes.
Facilitate attachment to surfaces or cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are pili?

A

Hair like appendages. Shorter, straighter and thinner.

Tube like for sex. Composed of protein pilin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is conjugation pili?

A

DNA passed from one cell to another through these tubs. Can pass genetic determinants

17
Q

Describe the function and main parts of the bacterial cell wall.

A

Prevents cell rupturing, shape and point of anchorage for flagella.
Prevents osmotic lysis
Made of peptidoglycan - in bacteria
Synthesis is inhibited by the antibiotic penicillin

18
Q

Describe the repeating disaccharide that makes up peptidoglycan

A

It’s a polymer consisting of
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

19
Q

What is gram staining?

A

A technique used to differentiate between bacterial types based on the composition of their cell walls

20
Q

Describe gram positive cell walls.

A

Retain crystal violet stain - thick peptidoglycan in wall.
NO outer membrane
Teichoic acid crosslinks
More susceptible to penicillin which blocks synthesis or peptidoglycan - cells lose

21
Q

Describe gram negative cell walls

A

Outer membrane blocks purple dye
Thin layer of peptidoglycan
Periplasmic space - turns red after wash
Outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharide

22
Q

What are the basics of endosymbiotic theory?

A

Prompted by Lynn Marguilis
Mitochondria and chloroplast have prokaryotic features. They also have their own piece of DNA which allows them to self replicate, independent of cell replication
Suggested - prokaryotes were engulfed by an ancient eukaryote, or alternatively, invaded by one
Then 2 organisms had a selective advantage, eg, survive and reproduce in their niche.

23
Q

What organelles are linked to the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

24
Q

Describe the structure and function of the nucleus. Eukaryote cell.

A

S -bound by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.

F - DNA storage and RNA synthesis

25
Q

Describe the structure and function of the cytoplasm. Eukaryote cell.

A

S - the substance that fills up the cell. Jelly like substance.

F - liquid, where reactions take place , aids to dissolve waste products

26
Q

Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane. Eukaryote cell.

A

S - consists of lipids and proteins.

F - selective membrane, mediates cellular processes by regulating what leaves and enters the cell

27
Q

Describe the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum. Eukaryote cell.

A

S - interconnected network of flattened sacs or tubes encased in membranes.

F - production of proteins. Manufacturing system

28
Q

Describe the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus. Eukaryote cell.

A

S - flattened sacks called cisternae.

F - packages proteins and lipids, processing proteins for secretion

29
Q

Describe the structure and function of the mitochondria. Eukaryote cell.

A

S - made up of 2 membranes, rod shaped structure, membranes are made up of phospholipid and proteins, inner membrane highly folded

F - production of ATP

30
Q

Describe the structure and function of chloroplasts. Eukaryote cell.

A

S - double membrane bound organelles, 3 outer, inner and thylakoid, sticks of thylakoids internally.

S - conduct photosynthesis, absorb light and convert it into sugar molecules and also produce free energy in the form of ATP and NADPH

31
Q

Describe the structure and function of lysosomes. Eukaryote cell.

A

S - floating sacs filled with fluid containing enzymes

F - main sites of digestion, process nutrients and destroying cells/ breakdown of biomolecules

32
Q

Describe the structure and function of vacuoles. Eukaryote cell.

A

S - membrane bound sacs. Composed of phospholipids

F - contain waste products and isolate them from the cell to decrease cell damage

33
Q

Describe the structure and function of ribosomes. Eukaryote cell.

A

S - flattened shapes that contain 2 components. Subunits

F - reading messenger RNA and translating to build proteins

34
Q

Describe the structure and function of the cell wall.

A

S - composed of cellulose or chitin (depending on micro organism

F - structure, support, protection and filtering mechanism

35
Q

Describe the 2 types of taxis in relation to bacterial motility.

A

Chemotaxis - chemical, phototaxis - light.
Signals or gravitational signals to swim.
Flagella turn anticlockwise and clockwise as a result they run and tumble.

36
Q

Describe how flagella and cilia move.

A

Propulsion - prokaryotic flagella rotate and eukaryote cell flagella beat.

Structure - prokaryotic cell composed of flagellum protein, eukaryote cell composed of microtubules

Cilia - many short flagella in eukaryote cells.

37
Q

What is the size difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

E - 10 to 100 um

P - 0.1 to 10um

Microbiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions